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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece
20
Phylogeny
Lecture Presentations by
Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Phylogeny - evolutionary history of a species or
group
 systematics classifies organisms and determines
evolutionary relationships
 Taxonomy is the ordered division and naming of
organisms
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 20.3
Species: Panthera pardus
Genus: Panthera
Family: Felidae
Order: Carnivora
Class: Mammalia
Phylum: Chordata
Domain:
Bacteria
Kingdom:
Animalia
Domain:
Eukarya
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Domain:
Archaea
Linking Classification and Phylogeny
 Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in
branching phylogenetic trees
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cladistics
 Cladistics classifies organisms by common descent
 A clade is a group of species that includes an
ancestral species and all its descendants
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 20.4
Order
Family Genus
Species
Panthera
Felidae
Panthera
pardus
(leopard)
Taxidea
Lutra
Mustelidae
Carnivora
Taxidea
taxus
(American
badger)
Lutra lutra
(European
otter)
1
Canis
Canidae
2
Canis
latrans
(coyote)
Canis
lupus
(gray wolf)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Each branch point (node) represents the
divergence of two taxa
 Sister taxa (Sister clades) are groups that share an
immediate common ancestor
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 20.5
Branch point:
where lineages diverge
Taxon A
3
Taxon B
4
Taxon C
Sister
taxa
2
Taxon D
ANCESTRAL
LINEAGE
1
5
Taxon E
Taxon F
Taxon G
This branch point
represents the common
ancestor of taxa A−G.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
This branch point forms a
polytomy: an unresolved
pattern of divergence.
Basal
taxon
Figure 20.10a
• A valid clade is
monophyletic,
signifying that
it consists of the 1
ancestor species and all
its descendants
(a) Monophyletic group
(clade)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 20.10b
• A paraphyletic
grouping consists
of an ancestral
species and some,
but not all, of the
descendants
(b) Paraphyletic group
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 20.10c
• A polyphyletic
grouping consists of
various taxa with
different ancestors
(c) Polyphyletic group
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 A shared ancestral character is a character that
originated in an ancestor of the taxon
 A shared derived character is an evolutionary
novelty unique to a particular clade
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 20.11b
Lancelet
(outgroup)
Lamprey
Bass
Vertebral
column
Frog
Hinged jaws
Turtle
Four walking legs
Amnion
Leopard
Hair
(b) Phylogenetic tree
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 20.20
Euglenozoans
Forams
Diatoms
Red algae
Green algae
Land plants
Domain Eukarya
Ciliates
Amoebas
Fungi
Animals
Methanogens
COMMON
ANCESTOR
OF ALL LIFE
Thermophiles
Proteobacteria
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Gram-positive
bacteria
Cyanobacteria
(Chloroplasts)*
Domain Bacteria
(Mitochondria)*
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Domain
Archaea
Nanoarchaeotes
Figure 20.2
No limbs
Eastern glass lizard
Monitor lizard
Iguanas
ANCESTRAL
LIZARD
(with limbs)
Snakes
No limbs
Geckos
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 20.1
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.