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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece 20 Phylogeny Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Phylogeny - evolutionary history of a species or group systematics classifies organisms and determines evolutionary relationships Taxonomy is the ordered division and naming of organisms © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20.3 Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Domain: Bacteria Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Eukarya © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Domain: Archaea Linking Classification and Phylogeny Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching phylogenetic trees © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cladistics Cladistics classifies organisms by common descent A clade is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20.4 Order Family Genus Species Panthera Felidae Panthera pardus (leopard) Taxidea Lutra Mustelidae Carnivora Taxidea taxus (American badger) Lutra lutra (European otter) 1 Canis Canidae 2 Canis latrans (coyote) Canis lupus (gray wolf) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Each branch point (node) represents the divergence of two taxa Sister taxa (Sister clades) are groups that share an immediate common ancestor © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20.5 Branch point: where lineages diverge Taxon A 3 Taxon B 4 Taxon C Sister taxa 2 Taxon D ANCESTRAL LINEAGE 1 5 Taxon E Taxon F Taxon G This branch point represents the common ancestor of taxa A−G. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. This branch point forms a polytomy: an unresolved pattern of divergence. Basal taxon Figure 20.10a • A valid clade is monophyletic, signifying that it consists of the 1 ancestor species and all its descendants (a) Monophyletic group (clade) A B C D E F G © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20.10b • A paraphyletic grouping consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants (b) Paraphyletic group A B C D E F G © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20.10c • A polyphyletic grouping consists of various taxa with different ancestors (c) Polyphyletic group A B C D E F G © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A shared ancestral character is a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon A shared derived character is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20.11b Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Bass Vertebral column Frog Hinged jaws Turtle Four walking legs Amnion Leopard Hair (b) Phylogenetic tree © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20.20 Euglenozoans Forams Diatoms Red algae Green algae Land plants Domain Eukarya Ciliates Amoebas Fungi Animals Methanogens COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE Thermophiles Proteobacteria Chlamydias Spirochetes Gram-positive bacteria Cyanobacteria (Chloroplasts)* Domain Bacteria (Mitochondria)* © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Domain Archaea Nanoarchaeotes Figure 20.2 No limbs Eastern glass lizard Monitor lizard Iguanas ANCESTRAL LIZARD (with limbs) Snakes No limbs Geckos © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 20.1 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.