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Science Revision – Definitions **these definitions are worth full marks in exam situations. Many of them might not be full sentences but they contain buzz words which are worth marks** Biology Nutrition- the way an organism gets its food Respiration- the release of energy from food Excretion- the removal of waste matter from the body Growth- the organism gets bigger Reproduction- the formation of new organisms Movement- the organism moves Response- reacting to changes in the surroundings Invertebrates- animals that don’t have a backbone e.g. earthworm Vertebrates- animals that have a backbone e.g. dog Tissue- a group of cells which carry out the same function An organ- a structure that contains 2 or more tissues working together A system- a number of organs working together Digestion- the breakdown of food Enzyme- a protein that speeds up a reaction without being used up Product- the substance produced as a result of the action of an enzyme Substrate- the substances that an enzyme acts on Joint- where bones meet Tendons- join muscle to bone Ligaments- join bone to bone Antagonistic pair- two muscles which carry out opposite effects Cartilage- protects the ends of bones Neuron- a nerve cell Puberty- the age at which young people reach sexual maturity Menstrual cycle- a series of changes that take place in the female body every 28 days Ovulation- the release of an egg from the ovary Fertilisation- the joining of the male and female gamete to form a zygote Implantation- the attachment of the embryo to the lining of the uterus Pregnancy- the carrying of an embryo in the uterus Contraception- the prevention of fertilisation or pregnancy Genetics- the study of how traits or characteristics are inherited Chromosomes- thread like structures made of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of the cell Transpiration- the loss of water vapour from a plant Xylem- tissue that transports water Phloem- tissue that transports food Photosynthesis- the way in which green plants make food Tropism- the change in growth of a plant in response to a stimulus Geotropism- the change in growth of a plant in response to gravity Asexual reproduction- new individuals are formed from only one parent Runners- a method of asexual reproduction in plants Pollination- the transfer of pollen from a stamen to a carpel Dispersal- the carrying of the seed as far as possible from the parent plant Germination- the growth of a seed to form a new plant Ecology- the study of the relationships between plants, animals and their environment Ecosystems- all the plants and animals in an area interacting with each other and their environment Habitat- the area where a plant or animal lives Producers- plants that make their own food Consumers- animals that get their food by eating plants or other animals Herbivore- an animal that eats plants only Carnivore- an animal that eats other animals only Omnivore- an animal that eats both plants and animals Decomposer- organisms that feed on dead plants and animals Competition- takes place when 2 or more organisms require something that is in short supply Food web- two or more interconnected food chains Interdependence- living things depend on each other for survival Conservation- the protection and wise management of natural resources to prevent living things becoming extinct Pollution- the addition of unwanted material to the environment Microbiology- the study of small living things Chemistry Matter- anything that occupies space and has mass Solute- the substance being dissolved Solvent- the liquid the solute is dissolving in Saturated solution- a solution that contains as much dissolved solute as possible at that temperature Crystallisation- the forming of crystals by cooling a saturated solution Mixture- consists of 2 or more substances mingled together, but not chemically combined An element- a substance made up of only one type of atom A molecule- composed of 2 or more atoms chemically combined Compounds- consists of 2 or more elements chemically combined An atom- the smallest part of an element which still has the properties of that element Atomic number- the number of protons in an atom of that element Mass number- the amount of protons and neutrons in an atom of that element Isotopes- atoms of the same element which have a different number of neutrons An ionic bond- the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions An ion- a charged atom or group of atoms A covalent bond- atoms sharing pairs of electrons in order to get a full outer shell Alloy- a mixture of metals e.g. bronze Rusting- the corrosion of iron Malleable- metal that can be hammered into shape Ductile- metal that can be stretched Fuel- a substance that burns in oxygen to produce heat Fossil fuels- formed from the remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago Hydrocarbons- compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon The PH scale- indicates the acidity or basicity of a solution Catalyst- a substance that speeds up a reaction without getting used up Screening- water passes through a wire mesh and large particles are removed Settling- water is left in large tanks and alum is added to clump smaller particles together and they sink to the bottom Filtration- water is passed through beds of sand to remove insoluble particles Chlorination- chlorine is added to kill bacteria Fluoridation- fluorine is added to prevent tooth decay Electrolysis- the splitting of a compound by passing electricity through it Meniscus- the curved surface of a liquid in a vessel Hard water- water that doesn’t produce a lather easily Soft water- water that produces a lather easily Polymerisation- small repeating units called monomers join together to form a large molecule called a polymer Physics Length- the distance between 2 points Mass- the amount of matter an object contains Volume- how much space an object takes up Speed- the distance travelled by an object in one unit of time Velocity- the speed of an object in any given direction Acceleration- the change in space divided by the time taken Force- causes a stationary object to move Friction- a force that opposes the sliding motion of an object when in contact with another object Lubrication- used to reduce friction between 2 surfaces in contact Weight- the pull of the earth on an object Hooke’s law- the extension of an elastic body is directly proportional to the force causing the extension Lever- a rigid body that can turn about a fixed point called the fulcrum Law of the lever- when a lever is balanced the sum of its clockwise moments equals the sum of its anticlockwise moments Centre of gravity- a point in an object where all its weight appears to act Pressure- the amount of force acting on a unit of area Work- force by distance Power- the rate at which work is done Energy- the ability to do work Latent heat- energy that causes a change in state and not in temperature Dispersion- the spreading of light into its different colours Reflection- the bouncing off of light Refraction- the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another Sound- produced when objects vibrate Magnetic force- the force of attraction or repulsion between 2 magnets Magnetic field- the region around a magnet in which the magnetic force can be detected Insulator- a material through which charge cannot flow Conductor- a material through which charge can flow Direct current (d.c.)- a current that flows in one direction only Alternating current (a.c.)- a current that flows in a continually changing direction Diode- allows an electric current to flow in one direction only LED- a light emitting diode, a diode that gives out light when current passes through it LDR- a light dependent resistor, a resistor whose value of resistance can change as the intensity of the light falling on it changes Echo- the reflection of sound Ohm’s law- voltage is directly proportion to current Formulas Density- mass ÷ volume= gǀcm³ Speed- distance ÷ time= mǀs Acceleration- (final speed – first speed) ÷ time taken= mǀs² Moment of a force- force x perpendicular distance= Nm Pressure- force ÷ area= Nǀm² Work- force x distance= J Power- work done ÷ time taken= W Voltage- Current (I) x resistance (Ω)= V kWh- number of kW x number of hours SummaryM= D x V D= S x T F= P x A V= I x R M (mass) =g D (distance) =m F (force) =N V (voltage) =V D (density) =gǀcm³ S (speed) =mǀs P (pressure) = Nǀm²I (current) = A V (volume) =cm³ A (area) =m² T (time) =s R (resistance) =Ω