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LUGARI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAM – 2016
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)
312/1
GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1.
a)
b)
2.
a)
b)
3.
a)
b)
4.
a)
b)
5.
a)
b)
P-Venus
R-Mercury
Heavy rainfall
High temperature
Low pressure
A rock is any naturally occurring agglomeration of mineral particles forming part of the
earth’s crust.
They occur in layers.
They are non-crystalline.
Some contain fossils.
Vulcanicity is a process by which solid, liquid or gaseous material is forced out of the
interior into the earth’s crust or onto the earth’s surface.
P-Conelet.
Q-Viscous lava.
R-Crater.
i)
X-horn
ii)
Y-eddy currents
iii)
Z-steep concave leeward slope.
Suspension
Saltation
Surface creep
Estuarine delta
Arcuate delta
Bird’s foot delta/digitate
Slow moving water at th mouth of a river/gentle slope at the river mouth
Shallow shore
Large amount of silt in the river.
Calm seas/absence of coastal waves.
SECTION B
6.
a)
i)
ii)
iii)
b)
iii)
Approximately 340 04’E — 34°15’E
8.1±0.lkm
N.E
V .S
H .S
1
1


2000 50000
1
50000


2000
1
V E 
c)
= 25 times
There are many rivers in the area covered by the map.
The main river is R.Sio
Most rivers flow from 5.W to N.E
© Lugari Sub-County Academic Committee
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Geography 312/1
Marking Scheme
d)
7.
a)
b)
Some rivers form trellis drainage pattern
Most rivers on the Southern part are seasonal
There is a dam at grid reference 4626
Some rivers form meanders. Eg 510
Most rivers form dentritic drainage.
Any 6 x l=6mks
Administration-Chiefs camp
Security-Police post
Recreation-rest house
i)
ii)
iii)
i)
ii)
c)
d)
Himalayas
The rockies/Applachians
The andies
Overfolds
Overthrut/Nappe
Asymmetrical fold
Simple symmetrical
Isoclinal folds
Antidinorium
The overfolds are completely pushed over on one side such that they lie in a
horizontal manner.
The axis of each fold is almost horizontal.
Fold mountains are source of rivers that provide water for generation of H.E.P/domestic
use/industrial use.
Fold mountains are often forested and provide timber which is used in the building an d
construction industry/wildlife habitat.
Some fold mountains have exposed valuable minerals deposits which are mined.
Fold Mountains are tourist attraction/now covered slopes encourage sporting activities,
thus earning counties foreign exchange.
Some fold mountains act as barriers to transport and communication making their
construction expensive.
The rugged nature of some fold mountains hinders settlement.
The leeward slopes of Fold Mountains receive little /no rainfall hindering agricultural
activities.
i)
To ensure proper time management and reduce tendency of wasting time.
To ensure important areas will be covered.
To ensure they o not deviate from the main objective.
To estimate the time needed for the study.
ii)
Drawing sketches of mountains
Taking photographs
Filling in the questionnaires
Asking questions from relevant persons.
iii)
Enhances observation skills.
They will get first hand information.
Will enhance what they have learnt in class.
Improves their memory through observation.
© Lugari Sub-County Academic Committee
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Geography 312/1
Marking Scheme
8.
a)
b)
c)
9.
a)
b)
i)
X-Rainforest
V-Bamboo forest
Z-Heath and moorland
ii)
Consists of trees and grass.
Wetter areas consist of tall scattered trees similar to those found in the forest.
Wetter areas also have fall thick grass.
Away from the forest, the trees become fewer and shorter
The grass also becomes shorter.
In drier areas, the trees are short and more scattered.
Some trees are deciduous type.
Most trees are umbrella shaped.
Common tree species are the acacia and other thorny trees.
iii)
Canada-prairies
Russia-steppes
Australia-Downs
Relief-High altitude areas have low temperature which encourages scanty/no vegetation.
Low altitude areas have moderate temp. Which encourage dense vegetation?
Gently sloping areas are well drained hence encourage dense vegetation growth.
Flat areas tend to be water logged hence covered by swampy plant species.
Soils-Fertile soils have a variety of nutrients which encourage the growth of dense
vegetation.
Infertile soils have insufficient nutrients leading to scanty vegetation.
Medium textured soil s are well drained thus support a variety of plants/dense vegetation.
Deep soils enable the penetration of long roots thereby supporting trees.
i)
It is an official requirement
Enables the administration arrange for transport/meals
To enable the administration take care of the disruption of school programme.
To enable the administration provide entry fee if required.
ii)
Relevant textbooks
Journals/magazines
Internet/electronic rnedia
Newspapers
Professionals/botanists/forest officers
Maps
Photographs
Geography notes.
iii)
Tiredness
Injuries
Uncooperative respondent
Getting lost
Thick vegetation
Attacks by wild animals.
i)
Permanent rivers
Seasonal rivers
Disappearing rivers
ii)
Nature of the load-The size and weight of the load influences the erosive activity
of the river. Large and heavy builders cause more erosion by abrasion than smaller
softer pebbles. Gradient of the river channel-The steeper the slope, the faster the
water moves in a river channel, hence increased erosion.
Volume of water-Rivers with large vcYlurnes of water has a higher ability to erode
by hydraulic action than those with srnall volume of water.
i)
Presence of a rock outcrop in the river bed.
A resistant rock may overlie a weak one horizontally, vertically or deep gently up
the river bed. The softer rocks get eroded away faster than the hard rock outcrop.
Consequently, the resistant rock overhangs the softer rock.
© Lugari Sub-County Academic Committee
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Geography 312/1
Marking Scheme
c)
d)
10.
a)
b)
This leads to formation of a steepened slope and sharp breaks in the gradient of the
river channel.
The river hence falls over the steep slope vertically forming a waterfall.
ii)
A river descends a cliff into the sea.
Some rivers are unable to erode through the rock forming a cliff because they are
very resistant. The river then drops over the cliff into the sea forming a waterfall.
iii)
Rejuvenation of a river
When a rivers erosive power is renewed, some point where there is a sudden drop
in slope develops in its course where there is active downcatting.
iv)
A river descends a fault scarp
When a river flows over a sharp slope into lower land, such as a valley, it may drop
over more resistant rocks to form a waterfall.
A major divide existed to the East of L.Victoria.
This divide was on the Kenyan side and ran from N-S of the current Cherangani-Mau
highlands. This divide separated river system flowing into the Indian Ocean from those
that was flowing westwards.
When the land in the West begun to rise, it formed antecedent drainage.
Land towards the West was lifted again forming Western arm of the rift valley.
The plateau surface was also raised, but the middle section down warped too to form a
basin which tilted eastwards.
The rivers Kagera, Kafu and Katonga reversed their flow and started flowing eastwards
flooding their own valleys and filling the new basin to form L.Victoria.
Moisture resulting from evaporation of lake water has increased the relative humidity of
the area.
The regular land and lake breezes have moderated the temperature.
High rate of evaporation from the lake leads to the formation of convectional rainfall in
the area.
The lake breeze has a cooling effect over the surrounding land especially on hot afternoon.
The moisture from the lake has led to an increase in the amount of humidity in the area.
The lake breezes may strengthen, divert or completely reverse the prevailing winds.
i)
Is the decline in the usefulness of a soil
Or the process by which soil loses its fertility.
ii)
Excessive or wrong application of fertilizer may make it acidic.
Environmental drought causes such as heavy rain can lead leaching.
Excessive drought can lead to accumulation of soils in the topsoil.
Human activities such as deforestation and overgrazing leads to removal of
vegetation which leads to shortage of humus in soil.
High rainfall results in leaching of minerals from the top soil.
Burning of vegetation destroys humus and soil microorganisms leading to soil
infertility. Excessive irrigation increases the rate at which nutrients get leached
from the soil lading to soil infertility.
i)
Vegetation reduces the speed of surface run off hence protecting soil from being
run away. Vegetation protects the soil from direct raindrop lets hence preventing
splash erosion. Plant roots hold soil particles firmly together protecting the soil
from being eroded.
ii)
Sheet erosion
Occurs when there is a heavy downpour in an extensive gently sloping area.
The surface runoff forms a thin layer of flowing water.
This water carries away a thin layer of top soil uniformly.
Rill erosion.
Involves the uneven removal of surface soil through small channels. Rainwater
collects these small channels and carries away the top soil to form thin shallow
channels called rills, hence the name nh erosion.
iii)
Soil erosion reduces soil depth, productivity and fertility leading to food shortage.
Extreme gulley erosion leads to land dereliction making it unsuitable for settlement
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Geography 312/1
Marking Scheme
c)
and agriculture.
Deposition of fertile soils on a flood plain creates fertile agricultural land.
Deposition of silts in rivers may result in narrowing of river channels which may
cause flooding. Floods cause displacement of people, death and loss of property.
Granular
Crumby
Platy
Blocky Prismatic
Columnar
© Lugari Sub-County Academic Committee
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Geography 312/1
Marking Scheme