Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Connections of the skull ; ><= ? B@A ! $"# % &' () * + % ,) ( &' % % - . % /) % + ) 0 1 , 0 2 0 , $3 ) 4 % 56 (') & , + ( % / 0 , + / 03 * 7 , (8 ) 4 % ) 46 ' + / 03 * 7 , 9 / 0 ,) % ,) (: 6 ( , % / % ( ( $&' 6 , ) 4 % Made by: dr. Károly Altdorfer Revised by: dr. György Somogyi Semmelweis University Medical School - Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Budapest, 2002-2005 Nasal cavity 1) Common nasal meatus Cribriform plate From where (to where) Anterior cranial fossa and foramina Piriform aperture Incisive canal face Oral cavity "Y"-shaped canal Sphenopalatine foramen Pterygopalatine fossa or pterygopalatine foramen Choana Aperture of sphenoid sinus Contents Olfactory nerves (I. n.) Anterior ethmoidal a. and n. Nasopalatine a. Nasopalatine n. (of Scarpa) (from V/2 n.) Superior posterior nasal nerves (from V/2 n.) Sphenopalatine a. - nasopharynx Sphenoid sinus -- ventillation (paranasal sinus!) Posterior ethmoidal air cells (sinuses) -- ventillation (paranasal sinuses!) Anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells (sinuses) -- ventillation (paranasal sinuses!) Frontal sinus -- ventillation (paranasal sinus!) Maxillary sinus (of Highmore) -- ventillation (paranasal sinus!) Orbit Nasolacrimal duct in the sphenoethmoidal recess 2) Superior nasal meatus 3) Middle nasal meatus Semilunar hiatus • • (Between ethmoid bulla and uncinate process) Anteriorly: Ethmoidal infundibulum Behind: Aperture of maxillary sinus 4) Inferior nasal meatus Nasolacrimal canal 1 Connections of the skull Made by: dr. Károly Altdorfer Revised by: dr. György Somogyi Semmelweis University Medical School - Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Budapest, 2002-2005 Oral cavity From where (to where) Nasal cavity (common nasal meatus) Incisive canal "Y"-shaped canal Greater palatine canal Pterygopalatine fossa or greater pterygopalatine/ sphenopalatine canal (ends with greater palatine foramen) Lesser palatine nerves (from V/2 n.) Lesser palatine canals (end with lesser palatine foramina) (Mandibular canal) starts with mandibular foramen Contents Nasopalatine a. Nasopalatine n. (of Scarpa) (from V/2 n.) Greater palatine n. (from V/2 n.) Descending palatine a. Mental foramen; the incisive canal of the mandibule goes further in the mandible untill the incisive teeth Inferior alveolar a., v., n. Tympanic cavity (or middle ear) Musculotubarian canal From where (to where) External base of the skull Contents a) b) a) (Semi)canal of tensor tympani muscle b) (Semi)canal of the auditory tube Caroticotympanic canaliculi Carotid canal Canaliculus of chorda tympani Facial canal (from its 3rd, descending part) In the tympanic cavity it opens with the tympanic aperture of the canaliculus of chorda tympani Stapedius canaliculus Facial canal a) Tensor tympani muscle b) Auditory (Eustachian) tube Caroticotympanic arteries Caroticotympanic plexus (sympathetic nerves) Chorda tympani (from VII. n.) Post. tympanic a. Stapedius n. (from VII. n.) (from its 3rd, descending part) Tympanic canaliculus Canal of the lesser petrosal nerve Fossula petrosa (external base of the skull) Middle cranial fossa Mastoid antrum Mastoid air cells Opens with aditus to antrum (Fenestra vestibuli) (Fenestra cochleae) Inner ear Inner ear (opens on the anterior aspect of the pyramid) Tympanic n. (from IX. n.) Inf. tympanic a. Lesser petrosal n. (from IX. n.) Sup. tympanic a. -- ventillation 2 Connections of the skull Made by: dr. Károly Altdorfer Revised by: dr. György Somogyi Semmelweis University Medical School - Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Budapest, 2002-2005 Orbit Aditus orbitae Optic canal From where (to where) face Middle cranial fossa (scala media) Superior orbital fissure Middle cranial fossa Inferior orbital fissure I. (postero-medial part) Pterygopalatine fossa I.: Infraorbital n., zygomatic n. (from. n. V/2) Inferior ophtalmic vein II. (antero-lateral part) Nasolacrimal canal Anterior ethmoidal canal Infratemporal fossa Inferior nasal meatus Anterior cranial fossa (scala anterior), II.: Infraorbital a., v. Nasolacrimal duct Anterior ethmoidal a., v., n. or orbito-cranial canal (starts with anterior ethmoidal foramen) Posterior ethmoidal canal Contents Optic n. (II. n.) Ophtalmic a. Oculomotor n. (III. n.) Trochlear n. (IV. n.), Ophtalmic n. (V/1 n.) Abducens n. (VI. n.) Superior ophtalmic vein above cribriform plate Posterior ethmoidal air cells, sphenoid sinus Posterior ethmoidal a., v., n. Infraorbital canal Frontal notch Face, fossa canina Supraorbital region (forehead) Infraorbital a., v., n. Frontal n. Supraorbital foramen Supraorbital region (forehead) Supraorbital n. or orbito-ethmoidal canal (starts with posterior ethmoidal foramen) (= medial branch of supraorbital n.) (= lateral branch of supraorbital n.) Zygomatic canal "Y"-shaped canal, starts in the orbit with zygomaticoorbital foramen; zygomatic n. (from V/2 n.) branches in it - Zygomaticofacial foramen (face) - Zygomaticotemporal foramen (temporal fossa) - Zygomaticofacial branch (from zygomatic n.) - Zygomaticotemporal branch (from zygomatic n.) 3 Connections of the skull Made by: dr. Károly Altdorfer Revised by: dr. György Somogyi Semmelweis University Medical School - Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Budapest, 2002-2005 Internal base of the skull 1) Anterior cranial fossa (scala anterior) Cribriform plate From where (to where) Nasal cavity (common nasal meatus) Contents and foramina Foramen cecum (connection to the nasal cavity in the embryonic period) (emissary vein of foramen cecum) 2) Middle cranial fossa (scala media) Optic canal Orbit Superior orbital fissure Orbit Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Pterygopalatine fossa External base of the skull External base of the skull Optic n. (II. n.) Ophtalmic a. Oculomotor n. (III. n.) Trochlear n. (IV. n.) Ophtalmic n. (V/1 n.) Abducens n. (VI. n.) Superior ophtalmic vein Maxillary n. (V/2 n.) Mandibular n. (V/3 n.) Middle meningeal a. (main artery of the dura mater) Foramen lacerum External base of the skull Olfactory nerves (I. n.) Anterior ethmoidal a. and n. Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve - filled with cartilage (sphenopetrous synchondrosis) Greater petrosal n. (from VII. n.) Lesser petrosal n. (from IX. n.) Internal carotid a. Carotid canal External base of the skull Hiatus for the canal of the greater petrosal nerve Facial canal (geniculum) Greater petrosal n. (from VII. n.) Hiatus for the canal of the lesser petrosal nerve Tympanic cavity Lesser petrosal n. (from IX. n.) (opens on the anterior aspect of the pyramid) Petrosquamous fissure Shenopetrous fissure External base of the skull (infratemporal fossa) External base of the skull Sup. tympanic a. (Sphenopetrous synchondrosis) Internal carotid plexus (sympathetic nerves) (opens on the anterior aspect of the pyramid) 4 Connections of the skull Made by: dr. Károly Altdorfer Revised by: dr. György Somogyi Semmelweis University Medical School - Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Budapest, 2002-2005 3) Posterior cranial fossa (scala posterior) Foramen magnum From where (to where) Vertebral canal Contents Spinal cord / medulla border Vertebral arteries Ant. spinal artery (1), posterior spinal arteries (2) Spinal root of accessory n. (XI. n.) Internal vertebral venous plexus Internal acoustic meatus Starts with internal acoustic pore (porus) Ends with base or fundus of internal acoustic meatus: 1) 3) 2) 4) 4 quadrant: 1) facial area (beginning of facial canal!) 2) cochlear area (spiral foraminous tract) 3) superior vestibular area 4) inferior vestibular area Jugular foramen ("8"-shaped opening) a) pars nervosa + foramen singulare External base of the skull a) b) b) pars venosa Hypoglossal canal Condylar canal Aquaeductus of vestibule External base of the skull External base of the skull Inner ear, vestibule Opens with the aperture of aquaeductus of vestibule on the posterior surface of the pyramid Mastoid foramen Petrooccipital fissure Outer aspect of the skull External base of the skull Facial n. (VII. n.) Vestibulocochlear n. (VIII. n.) Vestibular ganglion (of Scarpa) Labyrinthine a., v. 1) Facial n. (VII. n.) 2) Cochlear n. (from VIII. n.) 3) Utriculoampullary n. (from VIII. n.) 4) Saccular n. (from VIII. n.) + Post. ampullary n. (from VIII. n.) a) Glossopharyngeal n. (IX. n.) Vagus n. (X. n.) Accessory n. (XI. n.) Post. meningeal a. b) Internal jugular vein Hypoglossal n. (n. XII.) Condylar (occipital) emissary vein Peri- and endolymphatic communication (endolymphatic duct) Mastoid emissary vein (Petrooccipital synchondrosis) 5 Connections of the skull Made by: dr. Károly Altdorfer Revised by: dr. György Somogyi Semmelweis University Medical School - Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Budapest, 2002-2005 External base of the skull Jugular foramen ("8"-shaped opening) a) pars nervosa From where (to where) Posterior cranial fossa a) b) b) pars venosa Hypoglossal canal Condylar canal Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Posterior cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Foramen lacerum Middle cranial fossa Contents a) Glossopharyngeal n. (IX. n.) Vagus n. (X. n.) Accessory n. (XI. n.) Post. meningeal a. b) Internal jugular vein Hypoglossal n. (XII. n.) Condylar (occipital) emissary vein Mandibular n. (V/3 n.) Middle meningeal a. (main artery of the dura mater) Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve - filled with cartilage Greater petrosal n. (from VII. n.) Lesser petrosal n. (from IX. n.) Internal carotid a. Carotid canal Middle cranial fossa Stylomastoid foramen the end of facial canal Pterygoid canal (of Vidius) Pterygopalatine fossa Cochlear canaliculus Inner ear Perilymphatic connection Tympanic cavity Tympanic n. (from IX. n.) Internal carotid plexus (sympathetic nerves) Facial n. (VII. n.) Stylomastoid a. Nerve of the pterygoid canal: - greater petrosal n. (from VII. n.) - deep petrosal n. (sympathetic) Artery of the pterygoid canal opens on the inferior aspect of pyramid with the external aperture Tympanic canaliculus starts from fossula petrosa Musculotubarian canal a) (Semi)canal for the tensor tympani muscle b) (Semi)canal for the auditory tube Mastoid canaliculus starts from jugular fossa Sphenopetrous fissure Petrooccipital fissure Inf. tympanic a. Tympanic cavity Tympanomastoid fissure a) Tensor tympani muscle b) Auditory (Eustachian) tube Auricular branch of vagus n. (from X. n.) Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa (Sphenopetrous synchondrosis) (Petrooccipital synchondrosis) 6 Connections of the skull Made by: dr. Károly Altdorfer Revised by: dr. György Somogyi Semmelweis University Medical School - Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Budapest, 2002-2005 Pterygopalatine fossa (or sphenopalatine fossa) Pterygoid canal (of Vidius) From where (to where) External base of the skull Greater palatine canal Oral cavity Contents Nerve of the pterygoid canal: - greater petrosal n. (from VII. n.) - deep petrosal n. (sympathetic) Artery of the pterygoid canal (opens with greater palatine foramen) Lesser palatine canals Greater palatine n. (from V/2 n.) Descending palatine a. Lesser palatine nerves (from V/2 n.) (open with lesser palatine foramina) Inferior orbital fissure I. (postero-medial part) Orbit Pterygomaxillary fissure Infratemporal fossa Foramen rotundum Sphenopalatine foramen Middle cranial fossa Nasal cavity (common nasal meatus) or pterygopalatine foramen Infraorbital n., zygomatic n. (from V/2 n.) Inferior ophtalmic vein. Posterior superior alveolar nerves (from V/2 n.) Maxillary a. Maxillary n. (V/2 n.) Superior posterior nasal nerves (from V/2 n.) Sphenopalatine a. Infratemporal fossa Pterygomaxillary fisure From where (to where) Pterygopalatine fossa Inferior orbital fissure II. (anterior, lateral part) Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Orbit Middle cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Petrotympanic fissure (of Glaser) Tympanic cavity Contents Posterior superior alveolar nerves (from V/2 n.) Maxillary a. Infraorbital a., v. Mandibular n. (V/3 n.) Middle meningeal a. (main artery of the dura mater) Meningeal branch of mandibular n. Chorda tympani (from VII. n.) Ant. tympanic a. Ant. malleolar ligament Alveolar foramina Leads to the upper teeth through the alveolar canals of maxilla Posterior superior alveolar arteries and nerves (from V/2 n.) Petrosquamous fissure Middle cranial fossa - 7 Connections of the skull Made by: dr. Károly Altdorfer Revised by: dr. György Somogyi Semmelweis University Medical School - Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Budapest, 2002-2005 Facial canal (Fallopian canal): Beginning: in antero-superior quadrant of the base of the internal acoustic meatus. End: stylomastoid foramen. Facial canal has 3 different parts. There are 3 canals arising from the facial canal: Canal for the greater petrosal nerve Opens on the anterior aspect of the pyramid Starts from the geniculum of the facial canal with its own hiatus Stapedius canaliculus Tympanic cavity Greater petrosal n. (from VII. n.) Stapedius n. (from VII. n.) Starts from the 3rd, descending part of the facial canal Canaliculus of chorda tympani Tympanic cavity Starts also from the 3rd, descending part of the facial canal Chorda tympani (from VII. n.) Post. tympanic a. (found on the temporal bone, above mastoid process) (found on parietal bone) (found on occipital bone) Mastoid emissary vein Parietal emissary vein Condylar (occipital) emissary vein Diploic canals -diploe- Diploic veins (frontal, temporal, occipital) C D E E D F G DH C I JH K D L CH M N E D OH P Q F C P R S S F Other openings (emissaries, diploe) Mastoid foramen Parietal foramen Condylar canal à cbed f hg i hj UTV WX Y \Z[ ] _^ Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Head: Prof. Csillag András Postal address: 1450 Budapest, Pf. 95 Tel.: (36-1-) 459-1500 / 3600, Fax.: (36-1-) 215-5158 http://www.ana.sote.hu 8