Download World War 1 Notes for Students

World War 1
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Communication: telegraph, letters, railroad
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Transportation: rail, boats, including steam boats, horses
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Scene in Europe- there was a lot of rivalry and jealousy between nations. Keep in mind that
these nations were not new like America. They had been around for thousands of years, and
rivalry had been based on past wars and differences in cultures.
The Germans had a strong military history. Discuss the Hessians and the role that they played in
our Revolution. Other nations in Europe were always suspicious of the Germans and their
military build up.
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The spark that started World War 1 was the assassination of the Arch Duke Ferdinand of Austria.
Relate this to rivalry between towns and sporting events and the emotions that build when
humans compete.
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At first the United States stayed out of the war in Europe- two years
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When the Germans torpedoes the Lusitania (British passenger ship that was also carrying war
supplies), this outraged Americans. 1200 people died on the Lusitania, including 100 Americans.
After that Germans continued to attack civilian ships.
Discuss the difference between civilian (World Trade Center) and military attacks (Pentagon).
Congress declared war on Germany April 1917. The War lasted until November of 1918. The
president was Woodrow Wilson.
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Discuss Trench War Fare, Chlorine Mustard Gas 92,000 men died in gas attacks 1.2 million
others affected by gas
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Yellow Journalism- corrupt inaccurate news reporting
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Discuss the Spanish Influenza Epidemic of 1818 50-100 million died world wide
They believe that the virus may have mutated from the Swine Flu- virus carried by pigs. It was a
new strain of a virus and no one had built up any immunity (Discuss how flu shots work). The
flu afflicted over 25 percent of the U.S. population. In one year, the average life expectancy in
the United States dropped by 12 years. http://1918.pandemicflu.gov/index.htm
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The peace treaty punished the Germans very harshly. This set the stage for World War II.
WW1 Women started working outside of the home, because so many men went to war, factory
workers were needed
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Racism in America
Immigrant laws were passed in 1917 to limit the number of people coming into the US. Any
immigrants over the age of 16 had to know how to read. There were barred zones in the world,
where people could not immigrate from: India, Siam, and Indochina.
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World War One: The Basics
World War I killed more people--9 million combatants and 5 million civilians--and cost
more money--$186 billion in direct costs and another $151 billion in indirect costs--than
any previous war in history. Politically, it resulted in the downfall of four empires and
contributed to the Bolshevik rise to power in Russia in 1917 and the triumph of fascism in
Italy in 1922. The war allowed the United States to become the world's leading creditor
and industrial power. Its consequences included the mass murder of Armenians in Turkey
and an influenza epidemic that killed over 25 million people worldwide.
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Other Consequences
- Nearly 10 million soldiers died and about 21 million were wounded. U.S. deaths
totaled 116,516.
-Four empires collapsed: the Russian Empire in 1917, the German and the AustroHungarian in 1918, and the Ottoman in 1922.
- Independent republics were formed in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary,
Latvia, Lithuania, and Turkey.
- Most Arab lands that had been part of the Ottoman Empire came under the control of
Britain and France.
- The Bolsheviks took power in Russia.
- Under the peace settlement, Germany was required to pay reparations eventually set at
$33 billion; accept responsibility for the war; cede territory to Belgium, Czechoslovakia,
Denmark, France, and Poland; give up its overseas colonies; and accept an allied
military force on the west bank of the Rhine River for 15 years.
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Details
World War I
A recent list of the hundred most important news stories of the twentieth century ranked
the onset of World War I eighth. This is a great error. Just about everything that happened
in the remainder of the century was in one way or another a result of World War I,
including the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, World War II, the Holocaust, and the
development of the atomic bomb. The Great Depression, the Cold War, and the collapse
of European colonialism can also be traced, at least indirectly, to the First World War. World War I killed more people--more than 9 million soldiers, sailors, and flyers and
another 5 million civilians--involved more countries--28--and cost more money--$186
billion in direct costs and another $151 billion in indirect costs--than any previous war in
history. It was the first war to use airplanes, tanks, long range artillery, submarines, and
poison gas. It left at least 7 million men permanently disabled. World War I probably had more far-reaching consequences than any other proceeding
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war. Politically, it resulted in the downfall of four monarchies--in Russia in 1917, in
Austria-Hungary and Germany in 1918, and in Turkey in 1922. It contributed to the
Bolshevik rise to power in Russia in 1917 and the triumph of fascism in Italy in 1922. It
ignited colonial revolts in the Middle East and in Southeast Asia. Economically, the war severely disrupted the European economies and allowed the
United States to become the world's leading creditor and industrial power. The war also
brought vast social consequences, including the mass murder of Armenians in Turkey and
an influenza epidemic that killed over 25 million people worldwide. Few events better reveal the utter unpredictability of the future. At the dawn of the 20th
century, most Europeans looked forward to a future of peace and prosperity. Europe had
not fought a major war for 100 years. But a belief in human progress was shattered by
World War I, a war few wanted or expected. At any point during the five weeks leading
up to the outbreak of fighting the conflict might have been averted. World War I was a
product of miscalculation, misunderstanding, and miscommunication. No one expected a war of the magnitude or duration of World War I. At first the armies
relied on outdated methods of communication, such as carrier pigeons. The great powers
mobilized more than a million horses. But by the time the conflict was over, tanks,
submarines, airplane-dropped bombs, machine guns, and poison gas had transformed the
nature of modern warfare. In 1918, the Germans fired shells containing both tear gas and
lethal chlorine. The tear gas forced the British to remove their gas masks; the chlorine
then scarred their faces and killed them. In a single day at the Battle of the Somme in 1916, 100,000 British troops plodded across
no man's land into steady machine-gun fire from German trenches a few yards away.
Some 60,000 were killed or wounded. At the end of the battle, 419,654 British men were
killed, missing, or wounded. Four years of war killed a million troops from the British Empire, 1.5 million troops from
the Hapsburg Empire, 1.7 million French troops, 1.7 million Russians, and 2 million
German troops. The war left a legacy of bitterness that contributed to World War II
twenty-one years later.
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The Road to War On June 28, 1914, a car carrying Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the imperial
Hapsburg throne, made a wrong turn. As the car came to a halt and tried to turn around, a
nervous teenager approached from a coffee house, pulled out a revolver, and shot twice.
Within an hour, the Archduke and his wife were dead. !4
Gavrilo Princip, the 19-year-old assassin, was a Bosnian nationalist who opposed the
domination of the Balkans by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He had received his weapon
from a secret society known as the "Black Hand," which was clandestinely controlled by
the government of Serbia. Princip would die of mistreatment in an Austrian prison in
1918. The assassination provoked outrage in Austria-Hungary, which wanted to punish Serbia
for the assassination and intimidate other minority groups whose independence struggles
threatened the empire's stability. The assassination of the archduke triggered a series of
events that would lead five weeks later to the outbreak of World War I. When the conflict
was over, eleven million people had been killed, four powerful European empires had
been overthrown, and the seeds of World War II and the Cold War had been planted. A complicated system of military alliances transformed the Balkan crisis into a full-scale
European war. Recognizing that any action it took against Serbia would create an
international incident, Austria asked for Germany's diplomatic and military support.
Meanwhile, Russia, fearful of Austrian and German expansion into the Balkans, strongly
supported the Serbs and began to mobilize its army. This move made Germany's leadership fear encirclement by Russia and France. Germany
sent an ultimatum to France, asking it to declare its neutrality in the event of a conflict
between Russia and Germany. The French, obligated by treaty to support Russia and still
bitter over their defeat by Prussia in 1871, refused. When Russia failed to demobilize its
forces, the German Kaiser agreed to war. World War I caught most people by surprise. Lulled by a century of peace (Europeans
had not seen a large-scale war since the defeat of Napoleon in 1815), many observers had
come to regard armed conflict as a relic of the past, rendered unthinkable by human
progress. World War I shattered these dreams, demonstrating that death and destruction
had not yet been banished from human affairs.
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The Guns of August
Faced by Russia to its east and France to its west, Germany believed that its only hope for
victory was to strike first. The German military had formulated a blueprint (known as the
Schlieffen Plan) for victory in western Europe in 42 days before the Russians would have
time to advance from the east. It called for a preemptive strike at France through
Belgium. Germany's plan involved a violation of international law. Belgium was a neutral country,
and Britain was committed to its defense. Thus a German invasion was certain to bring
Britain into the war. Germany asked for permission to move its troops through Belgium,
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but King Albert, the country's monarch, refused, saying "Belgium is a nation, not a road."
Germany decided to press ahead anyway; its forces invaded Belgium on August 3. The German military strategy worked better on paper than it did in practice. While fierce
resistance by 200,000 Belgian soldiers did not stop the German advance, it did give
Britain and France time to mobilize their forces. Meanwhile, Russia mobilized faster than
expected, forcing Germany to divert 100,000 troops to the eastern front. German hopes
for a quick victory were dashed at the first battle of the Marne in September 1914, when a
retreating French army launched a powerful counterattack, assisted by 6,000 troops
transported to the front by 1,200 Parisian taxicabs. After the Allies halted Germany's massive offensive through France and Belgium at the
Marne River, the Great War bogged down into trench warfare and a ghastly stalemate
ensued. Lines of men, stretching from the English Channel to the Swiss border, formed
an unmovable battle front across northern France. Four million troops burrowed into
trenches, 6 to 8 feet deep, and trenches wide enough for two men to pass stretched 450
miles. The soldiers were ravaged by tuberculosis, plagued with lice and rats, staring at
each other across barren expanses called "no man's land," fighting pitched battles over
narrow strips of blood-soaked earth. To end the stalemate, Germany introduced several military innovations in 1915, but none
proved decisive. Germany dispatched submarines to prevent merchant ships from
reaching Britain; it added poison chlorine gas to its military arsenal at the second battle of
Ypres in northern France; and it dropped incendiary bombs over London from a zeppelin.
Other innovations that distinguished World War I from previous conflicts were airplanes,
tanks, and hand grenades. But the machine gun did most of the killing, firing eight bullets
a second. In a fateful attempt to break the deadlock, German forces adopted a new objective in
1916: to kill so many French soldiers that France would be forced to sue for peace. The
German plan was to attack the French city of Verdun, a psychologically important town
in northeastern France, and bleed the French dry. The battle, the war's longest, lasted
from February 21, 1916 through July, and engaged 2 million soldiers. When it ended,
Verdun had become a symbol of wartime futility. France had suffered 315,000 casualties,
Germany 280,000. The town was destroyed, but the front had not moved. At the Somme River, a hundred miles northwest of Verdun, the British launched an
assault in July, 1916. When it was over in October, one million men on both sides had
died. With fighting on the western front deadlocked, action spread to other arenas. A British
soldier and writer named T.H. Lawrence (better known as "Lawrence of Arabia"),
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organized revolts against the Ottoman territories in Syria, Palestine, Iraq, and the Arabian
peninsula. With Germany preoccupied in Europe, Japanese and British commonwealth
forces seized German islands in the Pacific, while British forces conquered German
colonies in Africa. The military stalemate produced political turmoil across Europe. On Easter Monday,
1916, some 1,500 Irish Catholics seized buildings in Dublin and declared Ireland an
independent republic. Fighting raged for a week before British forces suppressed the
rebellion. British reprisals created great sympathy for the rebels. A two-year guerrilla war
followed, which reached a climax when British troops in November 1920 fired at a
soccer crowd, killing a dozen people, in an event known as "Bloody Sunday." In 1921,
Britain was forced to agree to the creation of a self-governing Irish Free State. In Czarist Russia, wartime casualties, popular discontent, and shortages of food, fuel, and
housing touched off revolution and civil war. In March 1917 strikes and food riots
erupted in the Russian capital of Petrograd. Soldiers called in to quell the strikes joined
the uprising; and on March 15, Czar Nicholas II abdicated. The czarist regime was
replaced by a succession of weak provisional governments, which tried to keep Russia in
World War I. On November 7 communist Bolsheviks led by V.I. Lenin overthrew the
provisional government, promising "Peace to the army, land to the peasants, ownership of
the factories to the workers." In 1917, after two and a half years of fighting, 5 million troops were dead and the western
front remained deadlocked. This was the situation that awaited the United States in 1917. Desperate to break the stalemate and end the war of attrition, Germany in January 1917
launched unrestricted submarine warfare, hoping to cripple the British economy. German
subs sank a half million tons of Allied shipping each month, leaving Britain with only a
six week supply of grain. But German U-boats risked bringing the United States into the
war.
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The Lusitania
On May 7, 1915, the Lusitania, the "fastest vessel afloat," was sunk by a torpedo from a
German submarine. The ship sank off the Irish coast in under twenty minutes, and 1,198
passengers and crew members, including 128 Americans, lost their lives. Just 861 people
survived. The German Embassy had issued a warning that appeared in New York newspapers:
Travelers intended to embark for an Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war
exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies.... Vessels flying
the flag of Great Britain or any of her allies are liable to destruction.
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The Lusitania had previously made a half dozen Atlantic round trips without incident, and
few believed that a civilian passenger ship would be deliberately targeted. Following the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915, Germany would institute a moratorium on
unrestricted submarine warfare. But pressure on the German high command to resume
unrestricted submarine warfare was great. It was viewed as the only way to starve Britain
and France into submission. It would be the resumption of unrestricted submarine
warfare that would ultimately bring the United States into the war.
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The United States Enters the War
President Wilson was reluctant to enter World War I. When the War began, Wilson
declared U.S. neutrality and demanded that the belligerents respect American rights as a
neutral party. He hesitated to embroil the United States in the conflict with good reason.
Americans were deeply divided about the European war and involvement in the conflict
would certainly disrupt Progressive reforms. In 1914, he had warned that entry into the
conflict would bring an end to Progressive reform. "Every reform we have won will be
lost if we go into this war," he said. A popular song in 1915 was "I Didn't Raise My Boy
to Be a Soldier." In 1916, President Wilson narrowly won reelection after campaigning on the slogan, "He
kept us out of war." His won the election with a 4,000 vote margin in California. Toward Intervention Shortly after war erupted in Europe, President Wilson called on Americans to be "neutral
in thought as well as deed." But quickly the United States began to lean toward Britain
and France. Convinced that wartime trade was necessary to fuel the growth of American trade,
President Wilson refused to impose an embargo on trade with the belligerents. During the
early years of the war, trade with the allies tripled. This volume of trade quickly exhausted the Allies' cash reserves, forcing them to ask the
United States for credit. In October 1915, President Wilson permitted loans to
belligerents, a decision that greatly favored Britain and France. By 1917 American loans
to the Allies had soared to $2.25 billion; loans to Germany stood at a paltry $27 million. It was Germany's announcement in January 1917 that it would resume unrestricted
submarine warfare that helped precipitate American entry into the conflict. Germany
hoped to win the war within five months, and was willing to risk antagonizing Wilson on
the assumption that even if the United States declared war, it could not mobilize quickly
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enough to change the course of the conflict. Then a fresh insult led Wilson to demand a declaration of war. In March 1917,
newspapers published the Zimmerman Note, an intercepted telegram from the German
Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmerman to the German ambassador to Mexico. The
telegram said that if Germany went to war with the United States, Germany promised to
help Mexico recover the territory it had lost during the 1840s, including Texas, New
Mexico, California, and Arizona. The Zimmerman note and German attacks on three U.S.
ships in mid-March led Wilson to ask Congress for a declaration of war. One reason why Wilson decided to enter the war was so he could help design the peace
settlement. Wilson viewed the war as an opportunity to destroy German militarism. "The
world must be made safe for democracy," he told a joint session of Congress. Only six
Senators and 50 Representatives voted against the war declaration.
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Over There: American Doughboys Go to War
In 1917, a high German official scoffed at American might: "America from a military
point of view means nothing, and again nothing, and for a third time nothing." The U.S.
Army at the time had only 107,641 men. Within a year, however, the United States raised a five million man army. By the war's
end, the American armed forces were a decisive factor in blunting a German offensive
and ending the bloody stalemate. Initially, President Wilson hoped to limit America's contribution to supplies, financial
credits, and moral support. But by early 1917, the allied forces were on the brink of
collapse. Ten divisions of the French army had begun to mutiny. In March 1917, the
Bolsheviks, who had seized power in Russia in November, accepted Germany's peace
terms and withdrew from the war. Then, German and Austrian forces routed the Italian
armies. The United States was forced to quickly assume an active role in the conflict. A first step
was for American ships to relieve the British of responsibility for patrolling the Western
Hemisphere while another portion of the U.S. fleet steamed to the north Atlantic to
combat German submarines. To raise troops, President Wilson insisted on a military draft. More than 23 million men
registered during World War I, and 2,810,296 draftees served in the armed forces. To
select officers, the army launched an ambitious program of psychological testing. !9
In March 1918, the Germans launched a massive offensive on the western front in
France's Somme River valley. With German troops barely 50 miles from Paris, Marshal
Ferdinand Foch, the leader of the French army, assumed command of the Allied forces.
Foch's troops, aided by 85,000 American soldiers, launched a furious counteroffensive,
which pushed the German army back to the Belgian border by the end of October. American entry into the war quickly overcame the German military's numerical
advantage. In June 1918 279,000 American soldiers crossed the Atlantic; in July over
300,000; in August, 286,000. All told, 1.5 million American troops arrived in Europe
during the last six months of the war. By the end of the conflict the Allies could field
600,000 more men than the Germans. The influx of American forces led the AustroHungarian Empire to ask for peace, Turkey and Bulgaria to stop fighting, and Germany to
request an armistice. President Wilson announced that he would negotiate only with a democratic regime in
Germany. When the military leaders and the Kaiser wavered, a brief revolution forced the
Kaiser to abdicate, and a civilian regime assumed control of the government. At 11:00
A.M., November 11, 1918, the guns stopped.
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Over Here: World War I on the Home Front
Approximately one-third of the nation, 32 million people, were either foreign born or the
children of immigrants, and more than 10 million derived from the nations of the Central
Powers. Furthermore, millions of Irish-Americans sided with the Central Powers because
they hated the English. The Wilson administration was convinced that it had to mobilize public opinion in
support of the war. To influence public opinion, the federal government embarked on its
first ever domestic propaganda campaign. Wilson chose muckraking journalist George
Creel to head a government Committee on Public Information. The CPI placed pro-war
advertisements in magazines and distributed 75 million copies of pamphlets defending
America's role in the war. Creel also launched a massive advertising campaign for war
bonds, and sent some 75,000 "Four-Minute Men" to whip up enthusiasm for the war by
rallying audiences in theaters. The CPI also encouraged filmmakers to produce movies
that played up alleged German atrocities, with titles like 'The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin'.
For the first time, the federal government had demonstrated the power of propaganda. Anti-German Sentiment German American and Irish American communities came out strongly in favor of
neutrality, condemning massive loans and arms sales to the Allies as a violation of
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neutrality. Theodore Roosevelt raised the issue of whether these communities were loyal
to their mother country or to the United States:
Those hyphenated Americans who terrorize American politicians by threats of the foreign
vote are engaged in treason to the American Republic.
Once the United States entered the war, a search for spies and saboteurs escalated into
efforts to suppress German culture. Many German-language newspapers were closed
down. Public schools stopped teaching German. Lutheran churches dropped Germanlanguage services. Germans were called "Huns." In the name of patriotism, musicians no longer played
Bach and Beethoven, and schools stopped teaching the German language. Americans
renamed sauerkraut "liberty cabbage"; dachshunds, "liberty hounds"; and German
measles, "liberty measles." Cincinnati, with its large German-American population, even
removed pretzels from the free lunch counters in saloons. More alarming, vigilante
groups attacked anyone suspected of being unpatriotic. Workers who refused to buy war
bonds often suffered harsh retribution, and attacks on labor protesters were nothing short
of brutal. The legal system backed the suppression. Juries routinely released defendants
accused of violence against individuals or groups critical of the war. A St. Louis newspaper campaigned to "wipe out everything German in this city," even
though St. Louis had a large German-American population. Luxembourg, Mo. became
Lemay; Berlin Avenue was renamed Pershing; Bismark Street became Fourth Street;
Kaiser Street was changed to Gresham. Perhaps the most horrendous anti-German act was the lynching in April 1918 of Robert
Paul Prager, 29, a German-born bakery employee, who was accused of making "disloyal
utterances." A mob took him from the basement of the Collinsville, Illinois jail, dragged
him outside of town and hanged him from a tree. Before the lynching, he was allowed to
write a last note to his parents in Dresden, Germany:
Dear Parents: I must on this, the 4th day of April, 1918, die. Please pray for me, my dear
parents.
In the trial that followed, the defendants wore red, white, and blue ribbons, while a band
in the court house played patriotic songs. It took the jury 25 minutes to return a not-guilty
verdict. The German government lodged a protest and offered to pay Prager's funeral
expenses.
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The Espionage and Sabotage Act
In his war message to Congress, President Wilson had warned that the war would require
a redefinition of national loyalty. There were "millions of men and women of German
birth and native sympathy who live amongst us", he said. "If there should be disloyalty, it
will be dealt with a firm hand of repression." !11
In June 1917 Congress passed the Espionage Act, which gave postal officials the
authority to ban newspapers and magazines from the mails and threatened individuals
convicted of obstructing the draft with $10,000 fines and 20 years in jail. Congress
passed the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it a federal offense to use "disloyal, profane,
scurrilous, or abusive language" about the Constitution, the government, the American
uniform, or the flag. The government prosecuted over 2100 people under these acts. Political dissenters bore the brunt of the repression. Eugene V. Debs, who urged socialists
to resist militarism, went to prison for nearly three years. Another Socialist, Kate
Richards O'Hare served a year in prison for stating that the women of the United States
were "nothing more nor less than brood sows, to raise children to get into the army and
be made into fertilizer." Labor radicals offered another ready target for attack. In July 1917 in Cochise County,
Arizona, armed men, under the direction of a local sheriff, rounded up 1,186 strikers at
the Phelps Dodge copper mine. They placed these workers, many of Mexican descent, on
railroad cattle cars without food or water, and left them in the New Mexico desert, 180
miles away. The Los Angeles Times editorialized: "The citizens of Cochise County have
written a lesson that the whole of America would do well to copy." The radical labor organization the International Workers of the World never recovered
from government attacks during World War I. In September 1917 the Justice Department
staged massive raids on IWW officers, arresting 169 of its veteran leaders. The
administration's purpose was, as one attorney put it, "very largely to put the IWW out of
business." Many observers thought the judicial system would protect dissenters, but the
courts handed down stiff prison sentences to the radical labor organization's leaders Radicals were not the only one to suffer harassment. Robert Goldstein, a motion picture
producer, had made a movie about the American Revolution called The Spirit of '76,
before the United States entered the war. When he released the picture after the
declaration of war, he was accused of undermining American morale. A judge told him
that his depiction of heartless British redcoats caused Americans to question their British
allies. He was sentenced to a 10 year prison term and fined $5,000. http://
www.gilderlehrman.org
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List of gases used in World War I
benzyl bromide
German, tearing, first used 1915
bromacetone
Both sides, tearing/fatal in concentration, first used 1916
carbonyl chloride (phosgene)
both sides, asphyxiant, fatal with delayed action, first used 1915
chlorine
both sides, asphyxiant, fatal in concentration, first used in 1915, cylinder release only
chloromethyl chloroformate
both sides, tearing, first used in 1915, artillery shell
chloropircin
both sides, tearing, first used in 1916, artillery shell (green cross I)
cyanogen (cyanide) compounds
allies/Austria, asphyxiant, fatal in concentration, first used in 1916, artillery shell
dichlormethylether
German, tearing, first used 1918, artillery shell
dibrommethylethylketone
German, tearing, fatal in concentration, first used in 1916
dichloroethylsulphide (mustard gas)
both sides, blistering, artillery shell (yellow cross)
diphenylchloroarsine
German, asphyxiant, fatal in concentration, (dust - could not be filtered), first used in 1917,
artillery shell (blue cross)
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diphenylcyonoarsine
German, more powerful replacement for blue cross, first used in 1918
ethyldichloroarsine
German, less powerful replacement for blue cross, first used in 1918, artillery shell (yellow cross
I, green cross III)
ethyl iodoacetate
British, tearing, first used in 1916
monobrommethylethylketone
German, more powerful replacement for bromacetone, first used 1916
trichloromethylchloroformate (diphosgene)
both sides, asphyxiant, fatal with delayed action, first used 1916
xylyl bromide
German, tearing, first used 1915
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“In 1918 a German corporal by the name of Adolf Hitler was temporarily blinded by a British gas attack
in Flanders. Having suffered the agonies of gas first hand, his fear of the weapon would prevent him
from deploying it as a tactical weapon on the battlefields of the Second World War.”
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From http://www.worldwar1.com/arm006.htm
World War 1 Statistics
Countries
Total
Mobilized
Killed
& Died
Wounded
Prisoners
Total
&
Casualties
Missing
Casualties
%
of
Mobilized
Allied
Powers
Russia
12,000,00 1,700,00
2,500,00
4,950,000
9,150,000
0
0
0
France
8,410,000
1,357,80
4,266,000
0
537,000 6,160,800
76.3
British
Empire
8,904,467
908,371 2,090,212
191,652 3,190,235
35.8
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76.3
Italy
5,615,000
650,000
947,000
United States
4,355,000
126,000
234,300
4,500
364,800
8.2
Japan
800,000
300
907
3
1,210
0.2
Romania
750,000
335,706
120,000
80,000
535,706
71.4
Serbia
707,343
45,000
133,148
152,958
331,106
46.8
Belgium
267,000
13,716
44,686
34,659
93,061
34.9
Greece
230,000
5,000
21,000
1,000
17,000
11.7
Portugal
100,000
7,222
13,751
12,318
33,291
33.3
50,000
3,000
10,000
7,000
20,000
40.0
42,188,81 5,152,11 12,831,00 4,121,09 22,104,20
0
5
4
0
9
52.3
Germany
11,000,00 1,773,70
1,152,80
4,216,058
7,142,558
0
0
0
64.9
AustriaHungary
7,800,000
1,200,00
2,200,00
3,620,000
7,020,000
0
0
90.0
Turkey
2,850,000
325,000
400,000
250,000
975,000
34.2
Bulgaria
1,200,000
87,500
152,390
27,029
266,919
22.2
Total
22,850,00 3,386,20
3,629,82 15,404,47
8,388,448
0
0
9
7
67.4
Grand Total
65,038,81 8,538,31 21,219,45 7,750,91 37,508,68
0
5
2
9
6
57.6
Montenegro
Total
600,000 2,197,000
39.1
Central
Powers
!
!15