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Insects
Characteristics and Orders
What You Should Know
About Insects …
Taxonomy
• Kingdom – Animalia
• Phylum – Arthropoda
•Class - Insecta
Arthropods
• Include: spiders (Arachnids),
ticks, scorpions, millipedes,
crustaceans, horseshoe crab,
centipedes and of course
INSECTS
Insects Are Arthropods
• Insects are the largest group of
Arthropods - 900,000 different
species
• On the planet for 350,000,000 yrs
• Jointed appendages (bendable)
• Segmented bodies
• Exoskeleton of Chitin
that must be molted to grow
All Insects Have…
• Three body regions
– head, thorax, and abdomen
• One pair antenna (head)
• Six legs or 3 pairs (thorax)
• One-two pairs of wings (thorax)
Head
• 2 antennae (feel, hear
and smell) 1,000 sensory
cells
• (One species of moth can
smell one molecule EIGHT
miles away)
• 2 compound eyes - each
has 30,000 lenses
• 3 ocelli - simple eyes to
sense light and dark
• Special mouthparts several specific designs
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Antenna
•
•
•
•
•
One Pair on head
Jointed
Sensory (smell)
Called “feelers”
Filiform most
common shape
(segments = size)
• Come in many
shapes
FILIFORM
Antenna Modifications- Draw
a couple
Mouth part types
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• Draw a sample of each
• Chewing, sucking, piercing,
lapping and sponging
Chewing
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Youtube video
• http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=1nd8EWwy9E&feature=re
lated
Sucking
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Youtube video
• http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=qgcWRrbHi2E
&feature=related
Piercing
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d eco mpres sor
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Youtube Video
• http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=zMgG5K0Yep4
Lapping
Quic kT i me™ and a
dec om pres s or
are needed t o s ee thi s pi c ture.
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decompressor
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Youtube video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzOi_bPXI38&feature=related
Sponging
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Youtube video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5llTAwSVyeA
Thorax
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• 3 pair of jointed
legs covered in
sensory hairs.
They are more
than 110x more
sensitive than our
tongues.
• 2 pair of wings, if
present
Insect Legs
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• Examples: Digging, jumping,
predatory and swimming
Count the Legs!
There are ALWAYS SIX legs, and they are
attached to the THORAX
Wings or No Wings
• Most adults have 2
pairs
• Some insects are
wingless (silverfish,
fleas, some termites
and ants)
More on Wings
A network of Veins strengthens wings
MEMBRANEOUS (clear) WINGS
Some Wings Are Covered
With Powdery Scales
BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS
Wings May Be Modified
• Order Diptera
(flies)
• 2nd pair of
wings modified
into HALTERES
• Used for
balance
• Makes flies
hard to catch!
Beetle Wings
ELYTRA
• Hard Forewing called
Elytra
• Meet in straight line
down the abdomen
• Membranous
hindwings folded
underneath (flight)
Abdomen
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• Houses reproductive organs and
digestive system
Evolution of Insects
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1. Oldest
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SILVERFISH: THYSANURA
• All insects
began as
wingless
• Less than 1 % of
insects belong
to this category
• They go through
incomplete
metamorphosis
Youtube: Silverfish
• http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=eJKl4yethrI
2. Development of Wings
• They have
wings, but they
can not fold
them = harder
to escape
predators
• Still go through
incomplete
metamorphosis
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decompressor
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Youtube: Dragonfly
• http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=Ezq_JWd1Sd8
&feature=related
3. Development of Flexing Wings
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Examples: Grasshopper, praying
mantids
• They have
wings and can
fold them.
This allows
them to go
more places.
• Incomplete
metamorphosis
Youtube: Mantid
• http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=urk_Uh2vbg&feature=fvwrel
4. Complete Metamorphosis
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• Egg-larva-pupaadult
• 80% of insects
• Completely
different animal
• Key factor to
increasing
diversity and
survival
• Taps two different
food sources
Youtube: Complete
Metamorphosis
•
http://www.youtube.com/user/backyardbugs#p/u/54/wFfO7f8Vr
9c
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zrDGh2DIRU&feature=related
Why Study Insects?
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• 10 million
insects for
every human
on Earth.
• Over 90% of
all animals are
invertebrates
Insects are helpful
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• Decompose
waste
• Control other
insects- good
ones eat bad
• Pollination
• Make products:
silk and honey
• Till soil
Insects are harmful
• Spread disease
- yellow fever,
rocky mountain
fever
• Destroy crops90 billion
dollars worth
of damage each
year
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=wxHOxC
mbs-8
Locust attack- 10
billion left
devastation miles
wide and long
CIRCLE THE INSECTS
INSECT ORDERS
INSECTS WITH WINGS
Why Can’t I Call All of Them
Bugs?
• EVERY BUG is an
insect, but NOT ALL
INSECTS are bugs!
• True BUGS are in the
Order HEMIPTERA
• Posterior thorax is
triangular; called
SCUTELLUM
• Last 3rd of wing CLEAR
Which of these are BUGS?
ALL
More Hemipterans
Assassin Bug
Water Boatman
Giant Water
Bug
Leaf Hopper
Coleoptera
• Called beetles
• Tough
exoskeleton
• Forewings
called Elytra
•Fly with
membranous
hindwings
•Larva called
grubs
Cucumber beetle
Ladybird beetle
Rhinoceros beetle
Ephemeroptera
• Called Mayflies
• Juveniles are
aquatic; called naiads
• Adults found near
water & don’t feed
• Adults reproduce &
die in 24 hours
• Soft bodies with 2
long Ceri (tail fibers)
ADULT
NAIAD
Diptera
• Contains
mosquitoes &
flies
• One pair
Green Bottle fly
functional wings
• Club-shaped
halteres for
balance
• Bodies often
hairy
Fruit Fly
Hover Fly
Aedes Mosquito
Dermaptera
• Called earwigs
• Long, flat bodies
• Forceps (pincers)
on end of abdomen
• Short, hard
forewings
(membranous wings
folded underneath
• Large jaws
(mandibles) on head
PINCERS
EARWIG EATING
CATERPILLAR
Orthoptera
• Grasshoppers, locusts,
crickets, katydids
• Very long bodies
• Rear legs modified for
jumping
• Females with egg
laying tube (ovipositor
on end of abdomen)
• Often communicate
with chirping sounds
Lepidoptera
• Moths, butterflies, &
skippers
• Siphoning mouthparts
coiled under head
• Powdery scales on wings
• Butterflies fold wings
flat above body at rest
• Moths are night active
• Important plant
pollinators
Neuroptera
• Lacewings
• Net veined wings
• Small, delicate
insects
• Long antenna
• Predators on
other insects
• May feed on
nectar
Thysanoptera
• Thrips
• Two pairs of fringed wings
• Feed on plant sap
Isoptera
•
•
•
•
Termites
Live in colonies
Feed on wood
Soft bodies &
short antenna
• Castes –
workers,
soldiers, kings,
and queen
Mecoptera
• Scorpion flies
• Last abdominal
segments curved like
scorpion
• Two pairs of narrow
wings
• Head elongated into
a beak (rostrum)
• Long antenna
Homoptera
• Cicadas, leaf
hoppers, wingless
aphids
• If wings present,
held roof like
over body &
membranous
• Piercing-sucking
mouthparts
Aphids
Cicada
Leafhopper
Odonata
• Dragonflies &
damselflies
• Dragonflies hold
clear wings spread
perpendicular to
body at rest
• Damselflies hold
clear wings together
over abdomen
Plecoptera
• Stoneflies
• Aquatic nymphs
• Aerial adults are
short lived
• Make drumming
sound to find
mates
Hymenoptera
• Bees, ants,
wasps
• Narrow waist
connects thorax
& abdomen
• Abdomen curved
downward
• May have stinger
on end of
abdomen
Carpenter bee
Red
ant
Yellow jacket
INSECT ORDERS
WINGLESS INSECTS
Thysanura
• Called Silverfish
• Found around houses
or outside under
stones or wood
• Fast runners
• Damage books
• Secretive and active
at night.
• Flat, long bodies
• Long antennae
• Three, long, tail like
appendages
Siphonaptera
• Fleas
• Ectoparasites
• Bodies laterally
compressed
• Enlarged hind
jumping legs
• Very short
antenna
Collembola
• Called springtails
• Small & soft
bodied
• Furcula (jumping
mechanism) on
abdomen
• Furcula folds under
the body at rest
• Found in decaying
plant material
Anoplura
• Sucking lice
• Parasites of
mammals
• Very small
• Head and body
lice are examples
• Attracted to
children’s fine
hair
• Carry disease
Mallophaga
• Biting lice
• External
parasites on birds
& mammals
• Broad head &
flattened body
• Feed on dead
skin, feathers,
and fur
Metamorphosis
CHANGE IN FORM FROM EGG TO ADULT
INCOMPLETE
METAMORPHOUS
Incomplete
Insects change
shape gradually!
Insects with Incomplete
Metamorphosis
EGG  NYMPH  ADULT
• Siphonaptera (fleas)
• Isoptera (termites)
• Orthoptera
(grasshoppers &
crickets)
• Hemiptera (true bugs)
• Homoptera (cicadas &
hoppers)
Wings NOT
fully
developed
Youtube Video
• http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=NutMWUlca-o
Complete
Metamorphosis
Four stages that
all look different
Insects with Complete
Metamorphosis
EGG  LARVA  PUPA  ADULT
• Coleoptera (beetles)
• Hymenoptera (bees,
ants, wasps)
• Diptera (flies)
Lepidoptera
(butterflies)
Youtube Video
• http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=Ype1Ikk7VE&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=L21IGAhO-S4
Paul!!