Download Attack on Pearl Harbor

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•For 2,000 years Japan
had never been defeated.
•There was no word for
"surrender“ in the
Japanese dictionary.
Japanese Expansion
Japan had been
expanding their
power throughout
the 1930’s
Japanese expansion during 1930’s
Recap
• Invaded Manchuria in 1931
• All-out invasion of China, 1937
(Rape of Nanking)
•Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, 1940
• Took control of French & Dutch colonies after
Germany conquered Europe
American Response to Japanese
Expansion
• Cancelled all trade treaties when Japan invaded China
(’37)
• Banned export of oil & scrap metal to Japan, 1940
– Japan imported 100% of its oil
– 50% of Japan’s oil came from US
– Japanese military viewed embargo as act of war
• US moved large Pacific Fleet to base at Pearl Harbor
– Hawaii is not a state yet
– Only other Naval force in Pacific was Japan
The Legend
The United States was minding her own business
until the Japanese launched their unprovoked
attack dragging reluctant Americans into a terrible
world war and obliging the US to shoulder
international responsibilities.
Reality
The US was deeply involved in Far East affairs and
our policies actually provoked the Japanese attack
on Pearl Harbor.
FDR’s plan
Provoke either
Germany or Japan
to enter war
without upsetting
American public.
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Freeze Germany’s
assets
Ship 50 destroyers to
Britain
Depth-charge U-boats
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Hitler didn’t bite…
Freeze Japan’s assets
Close the Panama Canal
to her shipping
Halt vital exports to
Japan
Imply military threats if
Tokyo did not alter its
Pacific policies
In order to resume trade
Japan had to withdraw
all troops from China
and Indochina
Japan did…
Admiral J.O. Richardson
• West Coast usual naval
fleet base
• FDR decided to base the
US fleet in Hawaii
• Pearl Harbor vulnerable to
attack -approachable from
any direction
• Richardson flew to DC to
protest
• FDR immediately relieved
him of his command
Admiral Husband Kimmel
• Replaced Richardson
• Also informed Washington
of Pearl’s vulnerabilities
• Per Naval rule when
international threat is
apparent the fleet puts to
sea
• Kimmel sent 46 warships
including the aircraft
carriers safely into the
North Pacific to patrol the
area without notifying
Washington
Why would FDR Countermand
Admiral Kimmel?
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He was concerned that if the fleet
encountered the Japanese Task force
there would be questions about who
fired the first shot.
General Walter Short
• Concerned with sabotage
• Ordered planes to be
parked in the middle of the
airfield
• Made them more vulnerable
to aerial attack
• Short ordered radar stations
installed to watch for aerial
attack
• Relieved of command after
the attack
• His rank was reduced to
Major General
• He retired from active duty
in February 28th , 1942 83
days after Pearl
•Japanese Prime Minister
• Believed war with US
was inevitable
• On surface, he offered
negotiations
• Planned attack on US as
soon as he took office
Hideki Tojo
Magic
•US cryptanalysis project
•Allowed US to read Japan’s diplomatic messages
Interception
Deciphering
Translation
Evaluation
The War Department had been monitoring Japanese
diplomatic messages. It was fully aware of the certainty
of an attack. It failed to inform those in charge at Pearl
Harbor.
JAPANESE STRATEGY
The Japanese government NEVER
believed it could defeat the United
States, it intended to negotiate an
end to the war on favorable terms.
They wanted to negotiate a peace
and leave Japan's old order, the
emperor and the military government,
in power.
Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
• December 7, 1941
– Surprise attack
– Aircraft-carrier based attack force
– Destroyed 70% of US heavy warships
– Aircraft carriers were not in the harbor
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
•Studied at Harvard
•Conceived, designed the attack
•Cautioned the War Council
against a war with the US
•Why?
•US industrial strength
•Material wealth
•Temperament of the
American people
•Japanese War Council
underestimated America
“In the first six to twelve
months of a war with the United
States and Britain, I will run wild
and win victory after victory.
After that, I have no expectation
of success.”
He was known to have remarked
after the attack…
“I feel that all we have done is
to awaken a sleeping giant and
fill him with terrible resolve.”
Vice Admiral Chuichi
Nagumo
•31 ship Strike Force
•Two tasks
•Destroy aircraft carriers
•Sink as many other capital
ships as possible especially
battleships
•Criticized
•His reasoning : the aircraft
carriers were out of port and
fighter planes could effectively
locate and attack the Strike
Force
Mitsuo Fuchida
•IJN Captain and bomber pilot
•Lead the first air wave attack
•To Ra To Ra To Ra…
Surprise Achieved
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
5XWpFwY6q8c&safe=active
Japanese Footage of the Attack
Sunday Morning
•No warning from Washington
•Battleships in port for weekend liberty
•Carriers Lexington and Enterprise on way to
Midway and Wake Islands
•The attack began at 7:55 am Hawaiian Time
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt13c3olXkU&safe=activ
e
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
“Tora Tora Tora”
USS West Virginia, known as the WEE VEE before her
attack at Pearl Harbor.
Doris "Dorie" Miller
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General quarters sounded
Headed for his battle
station
Because of his physical
size he was assigned to
carry wounded sailors to
safety
Ordered to the bridge to
aid the mortally wounded
Captain
Manned a 50 caliber antiaircraft machine gun until
he ran out of ammunition
and was ordered to
abandon ship
Cuba Gooding Jr. as Petty Officer
Doris Miller from Pearl Harbor
USS
West
Virginia
WEE VEE
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Thought to have taken 5 torpedo hits actually had
taken 7
Abandoned, settled to the harbor bottom on an
even keel
Patched, pumped out and refloated early May
1942
Spent 1 year in a floating Dry-dock to make sea
worthy
66 bodies of sailors who had been trapped below
when the ship sank were found
A calendar found with 3 bodies in a store room
compartment indicated the sailors had lived
through December 23rd!
Wee Vee Post Raising
WEE VEE
WEE VEE
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Left Pearl Harbor May 1943 for the west coast
Completely rebuilt at the Puget Sound Navy Yard,
Bremerton, Washington
She reentered the war in October, 1944
The Wee Vee saw action at the Battle for the Philippines,
Iwo Jima and Okinawa. She was the lead battleship into
Tokyo Harbor at the end of the war.
USS Arizona
USS Arizona burned for two days after being hit.
The wreck remains at the bottom of Pearl Harbor
as a war memorial. It leaks a quart of oil a day.
USS Arizona Memorial
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1,177 crew members
were killed
Despite conservation
efforts, the ship leaks
oil
The seeping oil is
referred to as "the
tears of the Arizona" or
"black tears"
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F
SX1U8u7eb4&safe=active
Gun Turret
Japan
Attack
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Losses
366 Japanese planes in  Less then 100 men
the 1st assault
 29 planes
168 planes in the 2nd
 5 midget submarines
Assault
5 Midget Submarines
The attack on Battleship
Row began at 7:55 am
By 10 am the last bombs
had fallen
Wheeler Field
Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were
destroyed and 159 damaged, 155 of them still on the
ground. ...
Heavy damage is seen on the destroyers, U.S.S. Cassin and the U.S.S.
Downes, stationed at Pearl Harbor after the Japanese attack on the
Hawaiian island. (AP Photo/U.S. Navy
Wreckage, identified by the U.S. Navy as a Japanese torpedo plane , was
salvaged from the bottom of Pearl Harbor following the surprise attack Dec. 7,
1941. (AP Photo)
The shattered wreckage of American
planes bombed by the Japanese in their
attack on Pearl Harbor is strewn on
Hickam Field, Dec. 7, 1941. (AP Photo)
United States
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Casualties
2,335 servicemen and 68 civilians killed
1,178 wounded
18 ships destroyed
(8 battleships, 3 light cruisers, 3 destroyers, 4
other vessels)
After Pearl Harbor
• The US Fleet was severely crippled
• Panic spread in western US about a Japanese
invasion
• Japan attacks in Asia
– took key colonies of Hong Kong &
Singapore from UK
– took Philippines from the US
• By mid-1942 Japan had achieved its goal of
creating a vast, resource-rich Pacific empire
• The Japanese ignored the unglamorous target
that truly would have crippled the U.S. Navy for
perhaps a year or more: the oil tanks next to
Pearl Harbor.
• Without the ability to refuel at Pearl, the U.S.
Navy would have had to retreat to San Diego,
San Francisco Bay, and Puget Sound.
• • The survival of the US aircraft carriers would
eventually prove to be one of the deciding
factors of the entire War
A Day That Will Live in Infamy.”
~ President Franklin D. Roosevelt
declaring War on Japan before the U.S. Congress
December 8, 1941
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK8gYGg0dkE&safe=active
It has been said that the
happiest
man in the World on the night
of December 7, 1941 was
Winston Churchill.
December 11, 1941
Germany and Italy declare war on the US
 It is the only time that Hitler actually
declares war.
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Suggested Movies
Hawaii
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Declared a war zone
Martial law imposed
Writ of habeas
corpus suspended
Martial Law
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Rule by military
authority in times of
emergency
Civil authority is
temporarily
suspended
Habeas Corpus
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Prisoner must be
brought to court to
determine whether
or not they have
been lawfully
imprisoned and
whether they should
be released from
custody
Question:
Hawaii was the site of Japan's attack on
Pearl Harbor and had the largest
concentration of Japanese Americans in
the country. Yet no mass incarceration
took place on the islands.
Why?
They were a large part of Hawaii's labor
force, and some leaders were concerned that
Hawaii's economy would collapse if all
Japanese Americans were removed.
Martial Law In Hawaii
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157,000 Japanese living in Hawaii
Major workforce for Sugar Cane and
Pineapple Plantations
Japanese in Hawaii had much closer ties to
Japan than those on the mainland
Lasted three years
Martial Law In Hawaii
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The Islands became one large military base
Military courts replaced civil courts
Blackouts, curfews, rationing, censorship of news
and mail, fingerprinting of all civilians
Japanese businesses were shut down
Certain Japanese, German, and Italian civilians
were arrested as “suspicious” and placed in
detention centers
United States Executive Order 9066
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Early February, 1942
Authorized the Secretary of War to designate
certain areas as military zones
Justification for relocation of Japanese Americans
to internment camps
Issei
Nisei
First Generation
immigrants from Japan
2nd Generation
Japanese born in the
United States
Sansei
Third generation
Mainland Japanese
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Posed a much smaller risk compared to their
Hawaii counterparts
Over half had American citizenship
Still interned
Labor
The potential for economic gain was a major
factor leading to the incarceration of people of
Japanese ancestry.
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Japanese immigrants to the continental U.S.
performed manual labor in industries including
railroads, lumber, canneries, mining and fishing.
Agriculture
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Japanese farmers were pioneers in West Coast
agriculture, clearing land unwanted by whites
and introducing labor-intensive techniques that
yielded abundant harvests from small plots of
land.
Anti-Japanese Organizations
Japanese owned most of the early California
vineyards, all of which they lost
Forced to sell their land @10¢ on the $1
Internment on the US Mainland
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Forced relocation and internment of 110,000
Japanese Americans and Japanese residing along
the Pacific coast
"War Relocation Camps”
Officials, including FDR referred to the centers as
“concentration camps”
They did lose their liberty as well as their
property—their homes, businesses, and other
belongings
Japanese Americans were not killed or tortured
Korematsu v. United States
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Fred Korematsu
23 years old
US citizen of
Japanese descent
Defied the order to
be relocated
Arrested, and
convicted
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Supreme Court
Case to challenge
the constitutionality
of Executive Order
9066
Decision upheld
National security
supersedes
Individual rights
Loyalty Test
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1943
All internees over the age of 17 were given a loyalty
test.
Only asked two questions:
 1. Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United
States on combat duty wherever ordered? (Females were asked
if they were willing to volunteer for the Army Nurse Corps or
Women's Army Corps.)
 2. Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of
America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all
attack by foreign or domestic forces and forswear any form of
allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, to any other
foreign government, power or organization?
442nd
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33,000 Japanese
Americans served
13,000 Japanese
Americans served in the
442nd in Europe and
3,000 served in the
Pacific Theater
100th Battalion of the
"442nd " included
Hawaiians of Japanese
descent and JapaneseAmerican mainlanders
Daniel Inouye
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Second-generation Japanese-American
living in Honolulu, Hawaii
Fought in the 442nd
Medal of Honor, Bronze Star, Purple Heart
United States Senator (D) from Hawaii
1962-2012
President pro tempore of the United States
Senate from 2010 until his death in 2012
The highest-ranking Asian American
politician in U.S. history
Japanese American Women
Most were assigned to the Pacific Military
Intelligence
After the War Used as many were assigned as
Translators and intermediaries during the Occupation of
Japan under General MacArthur
Public Proclamation Number 21
Became effective in January 1945
It allowed internees to return to their homes.
A Japanese family returns home to find their garage
vandalized with graffiti and broken windows in Seattle, on
May 10, 1945.
Civil Liberties Act- HR442
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1988
Legislation passed apologizing for the
internment on behalf of the US government
Forced internment blamed on “race
prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of
political leadership”
President Ronald Reagan signed this
legislation
60,000 survivors of internment camps
$20,000 each to compensate them for their
lost liberty and property.