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Citrus Pathology - PLP - 5115C M. J. Davis First Discovered in 1967 Doi Y., M. Teranaka, K. Yora, and H. Asuyama. 1967. Mycoplasma or PTL group-like microorganisms found in the phloem elements of plants infected with mulberry dwarf, patato witches’ broom, aster yellows or paulownia witches’ broom. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Jpn. 33:259-266. Ishie, T., Y. Doi, K. Yora, and H. Q. Asuyama. 1967. Suppressive effects of antibiotics of tetracycline group on symptom development in mulberry dwarf disease. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 33:267-275. Periwinkle Witches’ Broom Lethal Yellowing of Palms Bermudagrass White Leaf Xylem-Limited Fastidious Prokaryotes Fastidious Laticifer-Inhabiting Bacteria Diseases of Citrus Associated with Fastidious Prokaryotes Citrus Stubborn – Spiroplasma Citrus Blastomania – Phytoplasma Rubbery Wood – Phytoplasma Witches’ Broom of Lime – Phytoplasma Citrus Greening or Huanglongbing – Phloem-limited Bacteria Huanglongbing-Like Disease – Phytoplasma Citrus Variegated Chlorosis – Xylem-Limited Bacterium Citrus Stubborn Disease Pathogen: Spiroplasma citri Geographic Distribution: Western USA, Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, and North Africa Insect Vectors: Circulifer tenellus and Neoaliturus haematoceps Host Range: Many cultivated or wild plants particularly, Rutaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodeacae, Brassicaceae, and Plantaginaceae Citrus Stubborn Disease Sweet orange, grapefruit, tangelos, mandarins and mandarin hybrids are highly susceptible Acid limes, lemons, trifoliate orange, and trifoliate orange hybrids are susceptible but tolerant. S. citri also causes horseradish brittle root disease Citrus Stubborn Disease Citrus Stubborn Disease Citrus Stubborn Disease Circulifer tenellus Citrus Blastomania Pathogen: Phytoplasma Geographic Distribution: India Host Range: Rangpur lime, Kagzi lime Transmission: Grafting; Insect vector unknown Symptoms: Witches’ broom, excessive sprouting of buds and multiple shoot development, small malformed leaves, chlorosis and defoliation Chemotherapy: tetracycline application results in remission of symptoms Rubbery Wood Pathogen: Phytoplasma Geographic distribution: India Host range: sweet orange, rough lemon, lemon, lime, and mandarin Transmission: Grafting; Insect vector unknown Symptoms: Unusual flexibility of branches which drop down to the ground, veinal and interveinal chlorosis of leaves, downward curling of leaves, numerous shoots appearing at right angle to main shoot, and die-back Witches’ Broom Pathogen: Phytoplasma Geographic distribution: Oman, United Arab Emirates, and India Host range: Acid (Mexican) limes. Graft transmitted to Meyer lemon, rough lemon, Rangpur lime, Poncirus trifoliata, Troyer citrange, Citrus macrophylla, C. ichangensis, C. hystrix, and C. karna. Sweet orange, grapefruit, sour orange, pummelo, mandarin, and Persian lime appear resistant or immune Transmission: Grafting, insect vector unknown Witches’ Broom of Lime Huanglongbing or Citrus Greening Pathogen: Phloem-limited bacteria, alphaproteobacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Candidatus Liberibacter americanus Common names: Greening (Africa), leaf mottling (Philippines), decline (India), vein phloem degeneration (Indonesia), Huanglongbing (yellow shoot) (Chinese), likubin (decline) (Tiawan), Greening (French), Enverdecimiento (Spanish) Huanglongbing or Citrus Greening Geographic distribution: Liberibacter africanus Asia: Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Africa: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Comoros, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Réunion, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. Surveys have failed to find the disease in Gabon, Namibia and Zambia. Liberibacter asiaticus Asia: Bangladesh, China (Guangdong, Guangxi), Hong Kong, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Haryana, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Punjab, Sikkim, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Malaysia (Peninsular), Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Thailand, Viet Nam. Africa: Mauritius, Réunion. North America: Florida South America: Brazil Liberibacter americanus South America: Brazil Huanglongbing or Citrus Greening Host range: Citrus greening bacterium infects citrus generally. Most severe symptoms are found on oranges (C. sinensis), mandarins (C. reticulata) and tangelos (C. reticulata x C. paradisi). Somewhat less severe symptoms are found on lemons (C. limon), grapefruits (C. paradisi), C. limonia, C. limettioides, rough lemons (C. jambhiri), kumquats (Fortunella spp.) and citrons (C. medica). Symptoms are even weaker on limes (C. aurantiifolia) and pummelos (C. grandis). Though other Rutaceae have been infected artificially, there are not apparently any records of their natural infection. Citrus greening bacterium can be transmitted, by Cuscuta campestris, from citrus to the non-rutaceous hosts Catharanthus roseus and Nicotiana tabacum Xanthi. Huanglongbing or Citrus Greening BIOLOGY: Two forms of greening disease are known. One, in the southern part of Africa, is heat-sensitive, as symptoms do not develop in hot climates where temperatures above 30°C are reached several hours a day. Another form is heat-tolerant and withstands high temperatures, and is predominantly Asian in distribution. The Asian heat-tolerant form of the disease has been discovered in Saudi Arabia, and the African heat-sensitive form in Yemen. When the African and the Asian forms of the greening bacterium were transmitted from citrus to Catharanthus roseus by Cuscuta campestris, the African form remained heat-sensitive and the Asian form heat-tolerant in both C. roseus and citrus. Huanglongbing or Citrus Greening Symptoms in general Affected trees have open growth, stunting, twig dieback, sparse yellow foliage, severe fruit drop; on certain trees and in certain countries (China), symptoms are seen initially on one limb of an affected tree (yellow branch aspect); severe decline is mainly seen with Asian greening. Fruit symptoms Some fruits are under-developed, lopsided, and poorly colored. The greening symptom, mainly occurring in Africa, is seen on fruits which mature only on the side exposed to the sun, the unexposed side remaining dull olive-green. Seeds are often aborted. Leaf symptoms Mottling and zinc deficiency-like symptoms are the most common and characteristic. Mature leaves often show irregular patches between the main veins (blotchy mottle). The veins are often prominent and yellow. Huanglongbing or Citrus Greening Insect transmission: Transmitted by psyllids Under natural conditions greening is transmitted in Africa and Yemen by Trioza erytreae and in Asia (including Saudi Arabia), Brazil and Florida by Diaphorina citri. However, it was shown experimentally that T. erytreae can transmit the Indian form of greening and that D. citri is able to transmit the African form. Symptoms of Citrus Greening Citrus Variegated Chlorosis • • • • Pathogen: Xylella fastidiosa Geographic Distribution: South America Insect Vectors: Sharpshooter leafhoppers Host Range: • Nearly all cultivars of sweet orange are susceptible to infection, but severity of symptoms is variable • Lemons, limes, mandarins, mandarin hybrids, kumquata, trifoliate orange and grapefruit show less severe symptoms • Rangpur lime, citron, and pummelo are tolerant Citrus Variegated Chlorosis CVC symptoms Control Prevent introduction Removal of inoculum sources Insect vector control Pathogen-free propagation materials