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Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Graphic Organizer Judaism Islam Christianity Religions Early History of West Asia Ancient Civilizations Sumerians Babylonians Phoenicians Assyrians, Chaldeans Persians Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 1 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Big Ideas Card Big Ideas of Lesson 2, Unit 3 1. Using the history theme of change and continuity gives structure to the study of history. 2. A timeline is a tool that shows how important events are connected and how things have changed. 3. Some of the earliest civilizations began in the region of West Asia. 4. Three of the major world religions began in the West Asia. These are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. 5. Studying the past of a region helps to understand the present issues there. Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 2 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Word Cards Word Cards from previous lessons needed for this lesson: region – Word Card #4 from Lesson 1 7. history 8. religion a belief system relating to a higher power the study of the past Example: When you study history you study about people and events of the past. Example: Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism are all major world religions. (SS070302) 9. timeline (SS070302) 10. Middle East 1998 2000 2005 a diagram that shows the order in which events happened a region of the countries of southwest Asia and northeast Africa Example: You can make a timeline of important events in your life. Example: The Middle East is the site of many ancient civilizations. (SS070302) Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org (SS070302) Page 3 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Example of a Timeline Events Leading to the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor Timeline from: <http://teacher.scholastic.com/pearl/timeline/navart/timeline.jpg>. Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 4 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Example of a Timeline The Life of Leonhard Euler, Mathematician Timeline from: <http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/historica/euler-timeline.html>. Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 5 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Illustrated Timeline Of_________________________________, My Life 1.________________________________ 4._______________________________ 2.________________________________ 5._______________________________ 3.________________________________ Write the dates in order in the boxes. Draw or paste a picture of the event or important invention in the long box next to it. Date Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Event Page 6 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Early History of the Region of West Asia Early civilizations formed around major rivers - the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia and the Nile in northeastern Africa. Other smaller civilizations also settled near coastal areas. The Sumerians of Mesopotamia The first civilization in West Asia was formed along the great rivers that led to the Persian Gulf. The people were called the Sumerians. Between the northern hills and the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula is the plain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It is a large stretch of farmable land called the Fertile Crescent. The rivers rise in the spring, depositing fertile soil. Rainfall was scant in the region, so as population increased, farming communities began to find ways to tame and use the rivers through irrigation ditches. Construction of the ditches required improved tools that were not available much before 4000 B.C.E. From that point onward developments in the region were swift. Irrigation plus the fertility of the Tigris-Euphrates region gave substantial food surpluses. This led to population growth and village expansion, as well as increasing trade and specialization. The region was vulnerable because it was so flat that it was open to frequent invasion. By 3500 B.C.E. farmers in Mesopotamia, as the Tigris-Euphrates region is also called, were benefiting not only from rich agriculture, but also from pottery and tool production. The wheel had been introduced, and people worked to steadily improve the irrigation network. They developed the Cuneiform method of writing. By about 2000 B.C.E. they wrote down the world's oldest story, the Gilgamesh epic. Gilgamesh, a real person who had ruled a city-state, became the first hero in world literature. The Sumerian civilization lasted until about 2000 B.C.E. The Jews or Hebrews The most important of the smaller Middle Eastern groups were the Jews, also called the Hebrews. They gave the world one of its most influential religions. They were influenced by Babylonian civilization but also marked by a period of enslavement in Egypt. They settled in the southeast corner of the Mediterranean around 1600 B.C.E., probably migrating from Mesopotamia. In the 13 th century B.C.E., Moses led these Jews to Palestine, in search of a homeland promised by the Jewish God, Yahweh. This was later held to be the central development in Jewish history. The Jews began at this point to emerge as a people with their own culture and political identity. Most of this time the Jewish state was small and relatively weak, retaining independence only while other parts of the Middle East were disorganized. A few Jewish kings were able to unify their people. Most of Palestine came under foreign (initially Assyrian) domination from 722 B.C.E. onward, but the Jews were able to maintain their cultural identity and key religious traditions. The Phoenicians Another distinct society grew up in this region, in what is now the nation of Lebanon. Around 2000 B.C.E. a people called the Phoenicians settled on the Mediterranean coast. They quickly turned to sailing and fishing because their land was limited. The Phoenicians used their elaborate trading contacts to gain knowledge from the other major civilizations. Then they improved upon what they learned. Around 1300 B.C.E. they devised a much simplified alphabet based on the Mesopotamian cuneiform. The Phoenician alphabet had only 22 letters and so was learned relatively easily. It served as the basis of the Greek and Latin lettering systems. The Phoenicians were a merchant or trading people. They improved manufacturing techniques in several areas, particularly the production of dyes for cloth. Above all, they set up colonies at a Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 7 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 number of points along the Mediterranean. Phoenician sailors moved steadily westward, setting up a major trading city on the coast of North Africa at Carthage, and lesser centers in Italy, Spain, and southern France. The Phoenicians even traded along the Atlantic coast of Europe, reaching Britain where they sought a supply of tin. Ultimately Phoenicia collapsed in the wake of the Assyrian invasions of the Middle East, though several of the colonial cities survived much longer. The Babylonians A new empire arose around 1800 B.C.E., for the first time unifying the whole of Mesopotamia. This Babylonian Empire was headed by Hammurabi, one of the great rulers of early civilized history. Hammurabi set up an extensive network of officials and judges, while maintaining a separate priesthood. He also codified the laws of the region, to deal with a number of criminal, property, and family issues. Large cities arose due to the wealth and power of this new empire. At the same time, Sumerian cultural traditions were maintained and grew. The Assyrians and Chaldeans The area of Mesopotamia once ruled by the Sumerians continued to be ruled by one empire after another. About 1100 B.C.E., this began to change, with the arrival of the Assyrian Empire. The Assyrians brought with them iron weapons and a will to fight and win not seen before. The iron weapons were particularly effective because iron was stronger than any other metal. They trained their warriors to fight in divisions called infantries. The result was a well-trained fighting machine armed with top-grade weapons. By 665, the Assyrians controlled most of Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, and Canaan. The Assyrians had many kings; the most famous was Ashurbanipal, who started a library that eventually contained 25,000 tablets of hymns, stories, and biographies. Among these tablets was the story of Gilgamesh, one of the world's first epic adventure stories. In time, however, the Assyrian Empire grew too large and was taken over bit by bit, mostly by a people called the Chaldeans, who captured the Assyrian capital of Nineveh in 612 B.C.E. The Chaldeans' most famous ruler was Nebuchadnezzar, who had built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World. He also conquered Jerusalem and forced the Hebrews to move to Babylon. The Chaldean Empire was one of several empires that had Babylon as its capital. In time the Chaldeans called themselves the Babylonians. They were one of the first people to come up with ideas that shaped our modern understanding of mathematics, and they beliefs formed the basis of what we now call astronomy. The Persians The last of the great ancient Middle Eastern empires (and the largest) was Persia, with its capital of Persepolis. Cyrus the Great was the first great Persian ruler. He ruled from 559 to 530 B.C.E. and conquered Asia Minor and Mesopotamia. The Persians had a vast empire, and they built roads to connect the different parts. Like the Roman roads, Persian roads allowed traders and troops to move more quickly from one part of the empire to another. One road, the Royal Road, stretched more than 1,600 miles, from Sardis in Asia Minor to Susa, near the Persian Gulf. They also built a canal to connect the Nile River to the Red Sea.To avenge the loss of many Greeks during the Persian Wars, Alexander the Great invaded and, finally, conquered the Persian Empire, in 330 B.C.E. Read more in The Rise of Civilization in the Middle East and Africa. International History Project. 12 January 2009 < http://history-world.org/rise_of_civilization_in_the_midd.htm>. Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 8 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Illustrated Timeline West Asian Civilization_________________________________ 1.________________________________ 4._______________________________ 2.________________________________ 5._______________________________ 3.__________________________________ Write the dates in order in the boxes. Draw or paste a picture of the event or important invention in the long box next to it. Date Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Event Page 9 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Map of West Asia Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 10 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Religion in the Middle East/West Asia Religion has always been an important factor in the history of the Middle East. Jerusalem is holy to the three largest monotheistic (having one god) religions in the world: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Dominance over the region has shifted from one religious group to another over the years, bringing battles, both political and religious, that continue to this day. Judaism was the first of the three monotheistic religions to dominate the area. Judaism was founded around the thirteenth century B.C.E. in the area of Palestine or Canaan, currently known as Israel. According to the Torah, the holy book of Judaism, this area was promised to the Hebrews by their God, Yahweh. The region was inhabited by Jews for many centuries until the year 70 C.E. when the Romans under General Vespasian and his son Titus captured Jerusalem and drove out the Jews. Jerusalem is considered to be the central city of the Jewish religion. Christianity began around the year 30 C.E. in the region of Palestine. It was founded by Jesus of Nazareth and spread by Paul of Tarsus. Many of the holiest places of Christianity are found in present-day Israel. Christianity spread out towards Western Europe where the majority of Christians lived by the Middle Ages. In 1095 C.E. Pope Urban II declared the First Crusade. The goals of the Crusades were to liberate the "oppressed" Christians in the Middle East and to restore possession of Jerusalem and other holy places. For the most part the Crusades were unsuccessful with any claimed territory being lost again to the Muslims. Eventually, any territories still possessed by the European Christians were abandoned because support and popularity of the Crusades diminished. The Vatican City in Rome is now the center of Christianity and the holy book is the bible. Islam began when the Prophet Mohammed, born in 570 C.E., united the inhabitants of the area into a common belief that "there is no God but Allah and Mohammed is His prophet." Although Mohammed encouraged the conversion of existing Christians and Jews in the area, he also promoted tolerance. While Europe was in a period of declining growth during the seventh century, the Middle East region was flourishing under the influence of Islam. Gradually, more and more people converted to the new religion and by the ninth century, it was the dominant religion of the region. The followers of Islam are called Muslims and their holy book is the Koran. Mecca in Saudi Arabia is the holiest city for Muslims. With the exception of the Crusades, the Middle East has been dominated by Muslims for almost fourteen centuries. The disintegration of the Ottoman Turk Empire following World War I led to conflict over Jewish claims to the region, specifically to the land of Palestine. The creation of the State of Israel brought renewed religious tensions to the region, and the fight over who rightfully owns the land continues. Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 11 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Graphic Organizer Religion in the Middle East/West Asia Compare and contrast the three major religions of West Asia Judaism Christianity Islam Founder Year Founded Holy Book Holy City Name of God Major Beliefs Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 12 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Graphic Organizer Religion in the Middle East/West Asia Compare and contrast the three major religions of West Asia Judaism Christianity Islam Founder Abraham Jesus Christ Mohammed Year Founded About 1200 B.C.E. 30 C.E. After 570 C.E. Holy Book Torah Bible Koran (Quran) Holy City Jerusalem Rome Mecca Yahweh God Allah Jews believe there is one God who created and rules the world. This God is all powerful, all knowing, and in all places at all times. God is also just and merciful. It is believed that each person is created in the image of one God. Therefore, all people are created equal Christians believe that there is only one God with three entities- God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. There are many forms of Christianity such as Catholic, Baptist, and Lutheran. Muslims believe Islam is God's final message to humankind, a reconfirmation and perfection of the messages that God has revealed through earlier prophets. Oneness with God and others. Name of God Major Beliefs (Answers will vary.) Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 13 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Beliefs Holy Book: Judaism Rituals Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Place of Worship: Traditions Page 14 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Beliefs Holy Book: Christianity Rituals Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Place of Worship: Traditions Page 15 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Sample Completed Graphic Organizer for Islam Five Pillars Belief in one God known as Allah Beliefs Holy Book: Islam Quran Rituals Place of Worship: Mosque Traditions Prayer five times a day Washing before entering a mosque Fasting during Ramadan A celebration at the end of Ramadan Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 16 of 17 July 9, 2009 Seventh Grade Social Studies Unit 3: West Asia: People, Places, and Issues SS070302 Lesson 2 Essay/Discussion Topic Why is the Study of the Ancient History and World Religions Important to the Study of the Region of West Asia? Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum www.micitizenshipcurriculum.org Page 17 of 17 July 9, 2009