Download Transnationalism and non

Transnational Politics
Keohane/Nye, Introduction
Today



Registration, digitally aided name recognition, index card
Attendance, papers, presentation, campaign item
Two different views:





US-based: It’s easy! ethical trade (podcast from: Policy
Innovations): forestry, mining, and fisheries.
European: It’s complex. BBC documentaries (Thursday)
Defining non-state actors (NSAs)
Theories of IR and transnationalism
Reading: Keohane/Nye 1971
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Non-state actors (NSAs)


What is transnationalism?
What are non-state actors (NSAs)?




Distinguishing from states and IGOs
What are the goals non-state actors pursue?
What are the means non-state actors use?
What roles do non-state actors play?
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Definition: Transnational relations
Transnational relations are “regular interactions
across national boundaries when at least one actor
is a non-state agent or does not operate on behalf
of a national government or an intergovernmental
organization.”
(Thomas Risse-Kappen, Introduction, in Bringing Transnational Relations Back In:
Non-State Actors, Domestic Structure and International Institutions, Cambridge
University Press 1995, p. 3)
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Challenging state-centrism


Keohane/Nye, 1971, xii
Four major types of transnational interactions:




Communication of ideas
Transportation (trade in goods and services)
Finance (FDI, investment)
Travel and movement of people (migration)
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Effects of transnationalism
Increase the sensitivity of societies to one another (1)
and diffusion processes (2) resulting in
(Keohane/Nye, xvi):





attitude changes
international pluralism (interest groups)
constraints on state actors increase (interdependence)
increasing ability of certain governments to influence
other governments
emergence of autonomous actors with private foreign
policies
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Non-state actors in world affairs

Three types of transnational non-state actors:




Multinational Corporations
Non-Governmental Organizations (Global Civil Society)
Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders, money launderer, human
trafficker, etc.
How are non-state actors different from states or
intergovernmental organizations?


In contrast to states, NGOs lack sovereign control over population
and territory.
In contrast to IGOs, NGOs are not created by states. They are
created by private citizens.
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Classifying non-state actors

Transnational vs. local/national


Profit-making vs. not-for-profit


Amnesty International vs. Human Rights Watch
Service versus advocacy organization


Aga Khan Foundation vs. al-Qaeda
Membership vs. non-membership organization


Exxon/GM vs. Greenpeace
Integrating vs. fragmenting purpose


Human Rights First vs. NAACP
World Vision vs. Amnesty International
Faith-based vs. secular
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Three types of authority
Multinational corporations (for profit, commerce, market
authority)
Non-governmental organizations (not-for-profit, service
and advocacy, moral authority), global civil society
Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders, traffickers (illicit,
violent authority)
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Market authority

Def.: MNCs are enterprises with commercial operations in
more than one country.

100 largest economies: 51 are MNCs and 49 are states.

In 1996, 405 out of 500 largest MNCs were headquartered
in the Northern hemisphere: US (162), Japan (126), France
(42), Germany (41), and Great Britain (34).

1969: about 7,000 MNCs; 2005: 63,312 MNCs with 821,818
foreign affiliates. >> ILO information on MNCs
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Illicit authority

Criminal networks: borders as a business
opportunity; trafficking of weapons, humans, and
drugs.

Piracy: the high seas as a stateless sphere;
Somalia, South East Asia, etc.

Terrorism: the political use of violence and
transnational relations
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Why is transnational crime on the rise?




State failure: Proliferation of small arms; failing border
controls, etc.
Globalization: increasing and faster financial and
other transactions, etc.
Global inequalities: human trafficking, drug trade,
etc.
Lack of inter-state cooperation: weak United
Nations, lack of coordination among law enforcement,
competing state interests,
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Moral authority

Global civil society
 Amnesty International, Oxfam, and Greenpeace
 Campaigns against child labor, landmines, for the ICC

Transnational networks
 Alternative to state and markets: Networks are nonhierarchical, horizontal exchanges based on shared
goals/values.
 NGOs, foundations, churches, media, unions, etc.
 Increased and cheaper travel/communication.
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Global NGO Growth, based on: Yearbook of International Organizations, Vol. 1, 1997/98
45000
40,306
36,054
40000
35000
30000
25000
23,635
20,634
17,030
20000
15000
9,521
10000
5000
0
832
3,318
6,222
1951 1968 1976 1978 1983 1985 1991 1995 1997
Wednesday,
1/23/2008
Hans Peter Schmitz
NGOs
NGOs at the United Nations



1948: 40 NGOs with initial observer status at the
UN
2003: 2,379 NGOs at the UN with consultative
status.
Graph of NGO growth at the UN (P. Willetts)
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008
Service and advocacy

Service NGO: Provides direct services to a
population (example: education, health)


World Vision, Save the Children, Oxfam.
Advocacy NGO: Lobbies for the rights and claims of
others by publishing reports, lobbying, mobilizing
the media and public.

Amnesty International, Greenpeace.
Hans Peter Schmitz
Wednesday, 1/23/2008