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Appendicular Skeleton
Prof. Abdulameer Al-Nuaimi
[email protected]
[email protected]
Hi Prof, It is great to hear from you, I really enjoyed your
teaching last year. You taught me the hardest subject I have
encountered so far in a manner that I understood and could
remember. I hope you are enjoying your new job in Jordon.
Are you still teaching anatomy? Many thanks for your
teaching and best of luck in Jordon
Sam Allison
Appendicular Skeleton
Each upper limb skeleton
consists of 32 bones,
which form two distinct
regions:
The pectoral girdle.
 Clavicle.
 Scapula.
The free upper limb.
 Humerus.
 Ulna
 Radius.
 Hand.
The pectoral girdle
The clavicle is the
anterior bone and the
scapula is the posterior
bone.
Clavicle
• S - shaped bone.
• Lies horizontally across the anterior part of the thorax
superior to the first rib.
• The medial half of the clavicle is convex anteriorly
and the lateral half is concave anteriorly.
• The medial end of the clavicle, called the sternal end,
is rounded and articulates with the manubrium of the
sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint .
• The broad, flat, lateral end, the acromial end ,
articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the
acromioclavicular joint.
• The superior surface of the clavile (smooth), while
the inferior surface (rough).
Clavicle
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Scapula
scapula or shoulder blade, is a large, triangular, flat bone
with a ridge on its posterior surface.
The scapula occupies the superior part of the posterior
thorax between the levels of the second and seventh ribs a
few finger breadths lateral to the vertebral column.
A prominent ridge called the spine across the posterior
surface of the scapula.
The lateral end of the spine projects as a flattened,
expanded process called the Acromion
Inferior to the acromion is a shallow depression, the
glenoid cavity, that accepts the head of the humerus to
form the glenohumeral joint, or shoulder joint.
The thin edge of the scapula closer to the vertebral column
is called the medial (vertebral) border.
Scapula
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Scapula
The thick edge of the scapula closer to the arm is called the
lateral (axillary) border.
The medial and lateral borders join at the inferior angle.
The superior edge of the scapula, called the superior
border, joins the vertebral border at the superior angle.
The scapular notch is a prominent indentation along the
superior border.
At the lateral end of the superior border of the scapula is
the coracoid process.
Superior and inferior to the spine are two fossae: the
supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa.
On the anterior surface is a slightly hollowed-out area
called the subscapular fossa.
Scapula
Humerus
The humerus or arm
bone, is the longest and
largest bone of the upper
limb.
It has a ball-like proximal
end with two prominent
projections of bone at the
base of the ball, a
cylindrical, tubular shaft
that makes up the
majority of its length, and
an expanded flattened
distal end.
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Humerus
It articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with
both the ulna and the radius to form the elbow joint.
The proximal end of the humerus features a rounded head
that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to
form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
Distal to the head is the anatomical neck, which is visible as
an oblique groove.
The greater tubercle is a lateral projection distal to the
anatomical neck.
The lesser tubercle projects anteriorly.
Between both tubercles runs an intertubercular sulcus.
The surgical neck is a constriction in the humerus just distal
to the tubercles.
Humerus
Humerus
Laterally, at the middle
portion of the shaft, there
is a roughened, V-shaped
area called the deltoid
tuberosity.
This area serves as a point
of attachment for the
tendon of the deltoid
muscle.
The radial groove runs
along
the
posterior
surface of the humerus.
This groove contains the
radial nerve.
Humerus
at the distal end of the humerus, rounded knob on the lateral
aspect of the bone that articulates with the head of the
radius (capitulum).
The radial fossa is an anterior depression above the
capitulum that articulates with the head of the radius when
the forearm is flexed.
The trochlea, located medial to the capitulum, that articulates
with the ulna.
The coronoid fossa, anterior depression that receives the
coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed.
The olecranon fossa is the large posterior depression that
receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is
extended.
Lower end of humerus
Humerus
The medial epicondyle
and lateral epicondyle are
rough projections on
either side of the distal
end of the humerus to
which the tendons of
most muscles of the
forearm are attached.
The ulnar nerve passes
posterior to the medial
epicondyle.
Lat Epicond
Med Epicond
Ventral surface
Dorsal surface
Ulna
• The ulna is located on
the medial aspect of the
forearm and is longer
than the radius.
• The ulna is thick and
notched at its proximal
end, and its wide
triangular shaft tapers
to become more narrow
and cylindrical distally.
• At the proximal end of
the
ulna
is
the
olecranon, which forms
the prominence of the
elbow.
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Ulna
The coronoid process an anterior projection distal to a
large notch, the trochlear notch.
This notch, on the anterior side of the olecranon, receives
the trochlea of the humerus to form part of the elbow
joint. It is called the trochlear notch
The radial notch is a depression that is lateral and inferior
to the trochlear notch and articulates with the head of the
radius.
Just inferior to the coronoid process is the ulnar
tuberosity.
The distal end of the ulna consists of a head that is
separated from the wrist by a disc of fibrocartilage.
A styloid process is located on the posterior side of the
ulna’s distal end.
Upper end of ulna
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Radius
The radius, the shorter of the two forearm bones, is
located on the lateral aspect of the forearm.
In contrast to the ulna, the radius is narrow at its proximal
end and widens at its distal end.
The proximal end of the radius has a disc-shaped head that
articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the
radial notch of the ulna.
Inferior to the head is the constricted neck.
A roughened area inferior to the neck on the anteromedial
side, called the radial tuberosity, is a point of attachment
for the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle.
The shaft of the radius widens distally to form a styloid
process on the lateral side.
Radius and
Ulna
Radius
• The ulna and radius articulate with the humerus at
the elbow joint.
• The articulation occurs in two places: where the
head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of
the humerus, and where the trochlear notch of the
ulna receives the trochlea of the humerus.
• The ulna and the radius connect with one another at
three sites. First, a broad, flat, fibrous connective
tissue called the interosseous membrane, joins the
shafts of the two bones.
• The ulna and radius articulate at their proximal and
distal ends.
Radius
• Proximally, the head of the radius articulates with the
ulna’s radial notch, a depression that is lateral and inferior
to the trochlear notch. This articulation is the proximal
radioulnar joint.
• Distally, the head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar
notch of the radius. This articulation is the distal radioulnar
joint.
• Finally, the distal end of the radius articulates with three
bones of the wrist—the lunate, the scaphoid, and the
triquetrum to form the radiocarpal (wrist) joint.
Upper and lower ends of Radius and Ulna
Bones of the hand
Carpals. (8), Metacarpals. (5), Phalanges. (14)
Carpals
• The carpus (wrist) is the proximal region of the hand and
consists of eight small bones, the carpals, joined to one
another by ligaments.
• Articulations between carpal bones are called intercarpal
joints.
• The carpals are arranged in two transverse rows of four
bones each.
Metacarpals
• The metacarpus or palm, is the intermediate region of the
hand; it consists of five bones called metacarpals.
• Each metacarpal bone consists of a proximal base, an
intermediate shaft, and a distal head.
• The metacarpal bones are numbered I to V (1-5), starting
with the thumb, from lateral to medial.
• The bases articulate with the distal row of carpal bones to
form the carpometacarpal joints.
• The heads articulate with the proximal phalanges to form
the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints.
Phalanges
• The phalanges or bones of the digits, make up the distal
region of the hand.
• There are 14 phalanges in the five digits of each hand.
• Like the metacarpals, the digits are numbered I to V (or 1–
5), beginning with the thumb from lateral to medial.
• Each phalanx consists of a proximal base, an intermediate
shaft, and a distal head.
• The thumb has two phalanges, and there are three
phalanges in each of the other four digits.
• In order from the thumb, these other four digits are
commonly referred to as the index finger, middle finger,
ring finger, and little finger.
Bones of the Hand
Lower Limb
Each lower limb skeleton consists of 31 bones, which
form two distinct regions:
 The pelvic girdle.
 consists of the two hip bones, also called coxal
(pelvic) bones.
• The hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the
pubic symphysis.
• They unite posteriorly with the sacrum at the
sacroiliac joints.
• The complete cylinder composed of the hip bones,
pubic symphysis, and sacrum forms a deep, basin like
structure called the bony pelvis.
• pelvis also connects the bones of the free lower limbs
to the axial.
Hip bones are parts of the pelvis
Each of the two hip bones of a newborn consists of three
bones separated by cartilage: a superior ilium, an inferior
anterior pubis, and an inferior posterior ischium. By age 23,
the three separate bones fuse together.
The free lower limb (extremity)
has 30 bones in four locations:
the femur in the thigh;
the patella (knee cap);
the tibia and fibula in the leg;
the 7 tarsal bones in the
tarsus (ankle), the 5 metatarsal
bones in the metatarsus, and
the 14 phalanges (bones
of the digits) in the foot.
Ilium
• The ilium is the largest of the three components of
the hip bone.
• It is thick near the hip joint and expands into a large
curved plate of bone superiorly.
• A superior ala (wing) and an inferior body comprise
the ilium. The body is one of the components of the
acetabulum, the socket for the head of the femur.
• The superior border of the ilium, the iliac crest, ends
anteriorly in a blunt anterior superior iliac spine.
• The medial surface of the ilium contains the iliac
fossa, a concavity where the tendon of the iliacus
muscle attaches.
Parts of the Hip bone
Ischium
• The ischium the inferior and posterior portion of the
hip bone, is situated between the body of the ilium
and the inferior ramus of the pubis.
• The ischium is a arched or U-shaped structure, with
its concave, notched margin contributing to the
posterior two thirds of the obturator foramen (the
large hole on the hip bone).
• The ischium is comprised of a superior body and an
inferior ramus.
Hip bone
Pubis
The pubis is the inferior, anterior portion of the hip bone and,
like the ischium, has the form of a sideways arch or a Ushape.
It
composed of a superior ramus, an inferior ramus, and a body
between the rami.
The anterior, superior border of the body is the pubic crest,
and at its lateral end is a projection called the pubic tubercle.
The pubic symphysis is the joint between the pubes of the
two hip bones.
The acetabulum is a deep fossa formed by the ilium, ischium,
and pubis.
It functions as the socket that contains the rounded head of
the femur. Together, the acetabulum and the femoral head
form the hip (coxal) joint.
Hip bone
Bony Pelvis
The portion of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic brim is
the false (greater) pelvis.
It is bordered by the lumbar vertebrae posteriorly, the upper
portions of the hip bones laterally, and the abdominal wall
anteriorly.
It contains the superior portion of the urinary bladder and
lower intestines in both genders and the uterus, ovaries, and
uterine tubes of the female, The portion of the bony pelvis
inferior to the pelvic brim is the true (lesser) pelvis.
It is bounded by the sacrum and coccyx posteriorly, inferior
portions of the ilium and ischium laterally, and the pubic
bones anteriorly. It contains the rectum and urinary bladder
in both genders, the vagina and cervix of the uterus in
females, and the prostate in males.
Pelvis
False Pelvis
True pelvis
Bony Pelvis
The superior opening of the true pelvis, bordered by the
pelvic brim, is called the pelvic inlet;
The inferior opening of the true pelvis is the pelvic outlet.
difference between male and female pelves
Oval and
Wider transversely
Round
Shallow Cylindrical
Rounded
Heart shape
Oval
Long Funnel
Angular
The femur, or thigh bone,
is the longest, heaviest,
and strongest bone in the
body.
Its proximal end
articulates with the
acetabulum of the hip
bone.
Its distal end articulates
with the tibia and patella.
The shaft of the femur
directed medially and, as a
result, the knee joints are
closer to the midline than
Femur
Femur
The proximal end of the
femur consists of a
rounded
head
that
articulates
with
the
acetabulum of the hip
bone to form the hip
joint.
The head contains a small,
central depression called
the fovea capitis.
The neck of the femur is a
constricted region distal to
the head.
Femur
• The greater trochanter and lesser trochanter are
projections that serve as points of attachment for the
tendons of some of the thigh and buttock muscles.
• The greater trochanter is the prominence felt and It is a
landmark commonly used to locate the site for
intramuscular injections into the lateral surface of the
thigh. The lesser trochanter is inferior and medial to the
greater trochanter.
• Between the anterior surfaces of the trochanters is a
narrow intertrochanteric line .
• A ridge called the intertrochanteric crest appears between
the posterior surfaces of the greater trochanter and lesser
trochanter.
Femur
Femur
• Inferior to the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior
surface of the body of the femur is a vertical ridge called
the gluteal tuberosity. It blends into another vertical ridge
called the linea aspera .
• The expanded distal end of the femur includes the medial
condyle and the lateral condyle. These articulate with the
medial and lateral condyles of the tibia.
• A depressed area between the condyles on the posterior
surface is called the intercondylar fossa.
• Superior to the condyles are the medial epicondyle and
the lateral epicondyle.
Femur
The patellar surface
is located between
the condyles on the
anterior surface.
Just superior to the
medial epicondyle
is the adductor
tubercle,
a
roughened
projection that is a
site of attachment
for the adductor
magnus muscle.
Patella
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The patella (kneecap), is a small, triangular bone.
located anterior to the knee joint.
It is a sesamoid bone.
The broad proximal end of the patella is called the
base.
• The pointed distal end is the apex.
• The posterior surface contains two articular facets.
Patella
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Tibia
The tibia is the larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the
leg.
The tibia is the second longest bone of the body.
The tibia articulates at its proximal end with the femur
and fibula and at its distal end with the fibula and the
talus bone of the ankle.
The tibia and fibula, are connected by an interosseous
membrane.
The proximal end of the tibia is expanded into a lateral
condyle, medial condyle and Intercondylar Eminence
Tibial condyles articulate with the condyles of the femur
forming knee joint. The inferior surface of the lateral
condyle articulates with the head of the fibula.
The Leg
Tibia
• The tibial tuberosity on the anterior surface is a point of
attachment for the patellar ligament.
• Inferior to and continuous with the tibial tuberosity is a
sharp ridge that can be felt below the skin and is known as
the anterior border.
• The medial surface of the distal end of the tibia forms the
medial malleolus. This structure articulates with the talus
of the ankle and forms the prominence that can be felt on
the medial surface of the ankle.
• Laterally, the fibular notch articulates with the distal end of
the fibula to form the distal tibiofibular joint.
Fibular
notch
Tibia and Fibula
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Fibula
The fibula is a slender bone that is slightly expanded at
both ends.
The fibula is parallel and lateral to the tibia, but is
considerably smaller.
Unlike the tibia, the fibula does not articulate with the
femur and is non-weight-bearing, but it does help stabilize
the ankle joint.
The head of the fibula, the proximal end, articulates with
the inferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia
below the level of the knee joint to form the proximal
tibiofibular joint.
The distal end has a projection called the lateral malleolus
that articulates with the talus of the ankle. This forms the
prominence on the lateral surface of the ankle.
Tibia and Fibula
Fibula
The fibula also articulates
with the tibia at the
fibular notch to form the
distal tibiofibular joint.
The fibula is a common
source for bone grafting
Tibia
Tarsals
• The tarsus (ankle) is the proximal region of the foot and
consists of seven tarsal bones.
• Joints between tarsal bones are called intertarsal joints.
• The tarsal bones include the talus and calcaneus, located
in the posterior part of the foot. The calcaneus is the
largest and strongest tarsal bone.
• The anterior tarsal bones are:
• Navicular bone.
• Three cuneiform bones called the lateral, intermediate
and medial.
• Cuboid.
Foot
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Metatarsals
The metatarsus is the intermediate region of the foot and
consists of five metatarsal bones
They are convex dorsally and concave on their plantar
surfaces.
Like the metacarpals of the palm, each metatarsal consists
of a proximal base, an intermediate shaft, and a distal
head.
The metatarsals articulate proximally with the first,
second, and third cuneiform bones and with the cuboid to
form the tarsometatarsal joints.
Distally, they articulate with the proximal row of phalanges
to form the metatarsophalangeal joints.
The first metatarsal is thicker than the others because it
bears more weight.
Foot
Phalanges
• The phalanges comprise the distal component of the foot.
• The toes are numbered I to V (or 1–5) beginning with the
big toe (great toe) medially.
• Each phalanx consists of a proximal base, an intermediate,
shaft, and a distal head.
• The great or big toe has two large, thick phalanges called
proximal and distal phalanges.
• The other four toes each have three phalanges proximal,
middle, and distal.
• Joints between phalanges of the foot, like those of the
hand, are called interphalangeal joints.
Foot
Sun Set Malaysia
16 Feb. 2015
Thank You