Download Presesh Mats - Grammar 3 - Cohesion - Answers

King’s College London Pre-Sessional Programme
Afternoon Workshops
Academic Grammar in Context (3): Using Cohesive Devices
Teacher’s Notes
Task 1
Don’t spend too long getting the Ss to guess the objects. Set a time limit of 5 minutes.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Mobile Phone
Wristwatch
Book
Fax Machine
The Internet
Task 3
One of the biggest problems that faces humankind in the next few decades is the problem facing
humankind in the next few decades
of global warming. In the past 150 years, global temperatures have risen approximately 1°C. The
year 1998 was the warmest year that has ever been recorded. ever recorded.
If temperatures continue to rise, the consequences could be catastrophic. As Earth’s
temperature rises, polar ice will melt, which will cause the level of oceans to rise.
, causing the level of oceans to rise.
Rising ocean levels, in turn, will cause flooding along the coasts. Global warming will also cause
major changes in climate that will affect agriculture. For example, crops that were previously
grown in Guatemala may not do so well because it will become too hot.
previously grown in Guatemala
Since they believe that the increase in carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere is the primary cause
of global warming, scientists have urged immediate action to decrease CO2 levels. They are
asking the world’s governments to write an agreement that will control the amount of CO2 that is
released into the atmosphere.
controlling the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere.
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Task 4
verbs – nominalisaitons (e.g. text C: invented-invention)
this/it; the latter; repetition of key nouns etc.
Task 5
Abstract: Increasing demand for cooking oil and biofuels has made palm oil, more than 80% of it which is
grown in South-east Asia, the dominant globally traded vegetable oil. However, (OR ...vegetable oil;
however, this....) this region is host to some of the world’s most biodiverse and threatened tropical
forests 1. Strategic engagement with commercial operations is increasingly recognized to be an essential
part of the solution for raising funds for conservation initiatives, raising consumer consciousness, and
potentially to stem stemming environmental degradation 2. Linking market incentives towards
conservation is also of critical importance, given that 3 conservation needs to begin to address the wider
countryside (outside protected areas), where human-wildlife interactions are frequent and impacts are
large. Using the Sumatran tiger, Panthera tigris sumatrae, as both a threatened species in its own right or
and emblematic for wider species diversity, we show that western consumers are willing to pay a
significant premium for products that use palm oil which has been grown in a manner that reduces
impacts 4 on such species 5. Results suggest that the price premium associated with a ‘tiger-friendly’
accreditation may provide a useful additional tool to raise conservation funds and, within the right
institutional context, serve as an inducement to address the problem of habitat and species loss.
1. Correct the errors in this sentence. See above.
2. Correct the errors in this sentence. See above. Note the comma before ‘and’ because there are
more than two verbs in sequence.
3. Is this phrase correct? Yes. Similar meaning to ‘because/as’.
4. How can the underlined clause be made more concise? ...we show that western consumers are
willing to pay a significant premium for products using palm oil grown in a manner reducing
impacts 4 on such species. In reality, you may not choose to reduce all of these relative clauses.
5. Correct the error in this sentence. both...and  See above.
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Task 6
Introduction: The current unprecedented increase in global food prices (FAO, 2007) is nowhere better
demonstrated than with __respect/regard________ to palm oil, the price of _which__________ 6
increased c. 70% from 2007 to 2008 (HGCA, 2008). More than 80% of oil palm is grown in South-east Asia
(Malaysia and Indonesia). This region encompasses four biodiversity hotspots, 7 and is experiencing some
of the highest rates of deforestation (Sodhi et al., 2004), and it has been estimated that during 1990-2005
up to 59% of Malaysian and at least 56% of Indonesian palm oil expansion directly replaced forest (Koh &
Wilcove, 2008). Oil palm plantations are grown in extensive monocultures, thus supporting significantly
fewer species than tropical forests (Fitzherbert et al., 2008; Koh & Wilcove, 2008; Danielsen et al., 2009) 8
. _With_______ 9 expanding world food consumption and the advent of biofuels, demand for palm oil
continues to rise, as well as 10 the potential for expanding oil palm agriculture to cause extensive future
forest loss is huge. Within South-east Asia, most expansion seems set to occur within the Indonesian
archipelago. Were this occur 11 at the expense of native forest, the result may 12 be catastrophic for the
region’s biodiversity (Fitzherbert et al., 2008).
6. Fill in the gaps with an appropriate word or phrase. See above.
7. Is this comma correct? No. The subject of the verb in the preceding clause (‘encompasses’) is ‘the
region’, and the verb of the subsequent clause (‘is experiencing’) has the same subject, which is
not re-stated.
8. What is wrong with this sentence? See above.
9. Fill the gap with an appropriate word or phrase. See above.
10. Is this linking phrase correct? No. As well as should be followed by verbING or a noun phrase.
Here, it is followed by a clause (Subject + Verb), which is not possible. A simple solution is to
replace it with the word ‘and’.
11. Is this phrase correct? No  Were this TO occur at the expense of native forest,  This is
roughly equivalent to the second conditional, ‘If this occurred’.
12. Is this the correct verb/form of the verb? No. Because it is a second conditional, you need the
‘past’ form of ‘may’, which is ‘might’. Alternatively, you could use ‘would’.
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