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The Allied Victory
Chapter 16
Section 4
Main Idea
• Led by the United States,
Great Britain and the
Soviet Union, the Allies
scored key victories and
won the war.
• The Allies’ victory in
World War II set up
conditions for both the
Cold War and today’s
post-Cold War world.
Introduction
• Right after Pearl Harbor, Churchill and FDR met
to discuss a joint war policy.
• Stalin had asked his allies to relieve German
pressure on his armies in the east.
• We wanted them to open a second front on the
west.
• What problem would this cause for Germany?
• TWO FRONT WAR
• FDR eventually agreed.
The Tide Turns on Two Fronts
• Churchill wanted the U.S. and Great
Britain to first strike in North Africa and
southern Europe.
• Stalin was mad because he wanted them to
open a front in France.
• Stalin was left to fight the Germans alone.
• U.S. and Britain helped with supplies.
The North African Campaign
• General Rommel (Desert Fox) was stationed in
North Africa.
• Britain sent Gen. Bernard Montgomery to
command the British troops in Egypt.
• When Monty arrived, they could not get around
the German troops at El Alamein.
• Decision?
• Massive frontal attack
• Germany is caught off guard and Rommel’s troops
fell back.
Operation Torch
• As Rommel moved west, the
Allies launched Operation
Torch.
• November 8th – 100,000+
Allied troops landed in Algeria
and Morocco.
• Dwight D. Eisenhower led the
force.
• May 1943 – Rommel’s troops,
Afrika Korps, are finally
crushed.
The Battle for Stalingrad
• German armies were also having a difficult
time in the Soviet Union.
• The Battle of Stalingrad began on August
23, 1942.
• The Luftwaffe, once again, went on night
bombing raids.
• Stalin told his army to defend the city until
the death.
Russian Winter
• By November, the
Germans controlled
90% of the city.
• Soviet troops outside
the city launched a
counterattack.
• Winter had set in.
• Soviets were successful
in trapping the Germans
and cutting off their
supplies.
German Defeat
• Hitler refused to let his
troops retreat.
• February 2, 1943 – 90,000
frostbitten, half-starved
Germans surrendered.
– All that remained out of
330,000 troops.
• Germans were now on the
defensive.
• Soviets were pushing
westward.
The Invasion of Italy
• Stalin continued to urge Britain and the U.S. to
invade France.
• FDR and Churchill decided to capture Italy first.
• Capture Sicily.
• This conquest removed Mussolini from power.
• Mussolini was arrested in July.
• In September, Italy surrendered.
• Germans take control of northern Italy and put
Mussolini back in control.
Fall of Mussolini
• Fighting in Italy
continued until Germany
fell in May 1945.
• April 27, 1945 –
Mussolini was found
disguised as a German
soldier.
• Italian resistance fighters
shot him and hung his
body in downtown Milan
for all to see.
The Allied Home Fronts
• Allies had great support at home.
• People endured extreme hardships in wartorn countries, like the Soviet Union and
Great Britain.
• U.S. was not bombed, with the exception of
Hawaii.
• Americans produced the weapons and
equipment that would help win the war.
Mobilizing for War
• Defeating the Axis powers required
mobilizing for total war.
• In the U.S., factories converted their
peacetime operations to wartime
production.
– Machine guns to boots
• Automobile factories produced tanks.
• 17 – 18 million Americans had jobs in war
industries.
Shortages
• While the factories
were producing
wartime products,
they were creating a
shortage of
consumer goods.
• American
government
rationed scarce
items.
• Lowered speed limit
to 35 miles per hour.
– Save gas and
rubber
Propaganda
• Allied governments created highly effective
propaganda campaigns.
– Effort to inspire their people to greater efforts.
• A Moscow child collected enough scrap
metal for 14,000 shells.
• One Russian family gave up their life
savings to buy a tank for the army.
War Limits Civil Rights
• Propaganda also had negative effects.
• After the Pearl Harbor bombings, many
people became prejudice against Japanese
Americans.
– Seen as the enemy
• February 19, 1942 – FDR issued an
executive order calling for the internment
of Japanese Americans because they were
considered a threat to the country.
Japanese Americans
• The military began rounding up
“aliens” and sending them to
relocation camps.
• By moving them away from the
coast, it would prevent them from
assisting Japanese in an invasion.
• Many were born in America but
had parents that were native to
Japan.
• Many also enlisted in the military
to fight for the U.S., even though
their family members were in
internment camps.
Victory in Europe
• 1943 – The Allies began secretly building
an invasion force in Great Britain.
• Their plan was to launch an attack on
German-held France across the English
Channel.
The D-Day Invasion
• May 1944 – the invasion force was ready.
• Thousands of planes, ships, tanks, landing craft
and 3+ million troops awaited the order to attack.
• Eisenhower planned to attack on the coast of
Normandy (NW France).
• Germany knew an attack was coming but didn’t
know when or where.
• Allies set up a dummy army to keep Hitler
guessing.
Operation Overlord
• The invasion of Normandy was
given the code name Operation
Overlord.
• Became the largest land and sea
attack in history.
• Began June 6, 1944 – D-Day.
• Germans responded with machine
guns, rocket launchers and
cannons.
• Allies suffered great losses.
• 2,700+ Americans died that day.
D-Day
• Within a month of D-Day, one
million additional troops landed
to aid the Allies.
• July 25 – the U.S. army led by
Gen. George Patton broke out
and marched to Paris.
• Allies march to Paris.
• France is liberated by September.
– Also, Belgium and Luxembourg
The Battle of the Bulge
• Allied forces moved toward Germany from the
west, and the Soviet Union advanced from the
east.
• Hitler now faced a war on two fronts.
• He counterattacks the west.
• December 16th – Germans push into Allied lines.
– Battle of the Bulge
• Allies fight back and Germans are forced to
retreat.
Germany’s
Unconditional Surrender
• After the Battle of the Bulge, the war in Europe
rapidly drew to a close.
• Allies move across the Rhine River into
Germany.
• With three million soldiers coming from the west
and six million Soviets coming from the east,
Berlin was in trouble.
• By April 25, 1945, Germany’s capital was under
fire.
Hitler’s End
• While Berlin was being
attacked, Hitler prepared for
his end underneath the city.
• Hitler marries his girlfriend,
Eva Braun on April 29th.
• The next day Hitler and Eva
commit suicide in his
underground headquarters.
The Third Reich Surrenders
• May 7, 1945 – Gen. Eisenhower
accepted the unconditional
surrender of the Third Reich from
the German military.
• FDR did not live to witness the
victory.
– He died less than a month earlier.
• Truman replaced FDR and
received news of the surrender.
• May 9 – surrender was officially
signed in Berlin.
• Known as V-E Day (Victory in
Europe).
Victory in the Pacific
• The war in Europe was over, but the Allies
were still fighting in the Pacific.
• Japanese advances had been stopped with
the Allied victory at Guadalcanal.
• For the rest of the war, the Japanese
retreated before the counterattack of the
Allied powers.
The Japanese in Retreat
• Allied forces land at Leyte in the
Philippines.
• The Japanese decided to destroy
an American fleet to stop the
Allies from receiving supplies.
• Japanese navy took the gamble
and lost.
• Now the Allies only had to worry
about the army and kamikazes
(suicide pilots).
Iwo Jima
• March 1945 – American
Marines took Iwo Jima.
• April 1 – U.S. troops
move on to Okinawa.
• June 21 – the bloody
battle ended.
– Japanese lost 100,000
troops
– Americans lost 12,000
troops
The Japanese Surrender
• Allies now move on to Japan.
• Truman had been advised that the attack
may cost 500,000 lives.
• Should he drop the atomic bomb in order to
save American lives?
• Many people felt that the A-bomb would
bring the war to the quickest possible end.
Manhattan Project
• The atomic bomb was
developed during the
Manhattan Project.
• First atomic bomb
exploded in a New Mexico
desert on July 16, 1945.
• Truman warned Japan to
surrender or expect a “rain
of ruin from the air.”
• Japan did not respond.
Atomic Bomb
• August 6, 1945 – U.S. dropped
an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
– Population ~ 350,000
– 70,000 – 80,000 people died
• August 9, 1945 – U.S. dropped a
second bomb on Nagasaki
– Population ~ 270,000
– 70,000+ people died immediately
– Radiation fallout killed many more
Japan Surrenders
• Japan finally surrenders
to MacArthur on
September 2, 1945.
• World War II was now
over.
• Now, countries faced the
task of rebuilding a wartorn world.