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History of Theatre: Primitive and Greek Starter: What do you think of when we say the word theatre? What is your definition of theatre? What is the difference between theatre and technical theatre? •You might Think of musicals, like “Grease” or “Phantom of the Opera.” •You might think of plays by Shakespeare, like “Romeo and Juliet” or “Hamlet.” •Or, you might think of actors in costumes from different time periods- like these actors from the production of “She Stoops to Conquer.” •Or you might think of mimes, dressed in black and white. The REAL Story… Theatre BEGAN thousands of years ago, before we even started recording history. So how do we know what happened? Primitive cultures used Rituals, Dances and Storytelling as a way to communicate Primitive Culture: a Group of people living in the traditional way and who have no written language. Primitive Theatre: 2 Functions: Storytelling- Oldest form of expression Oral Traditions of History Recounting an event, such as a hunt To make your audience understand you better, you act Primitive Theatre: Rituals A ritual is an action performed REPEATEDLY because of its symbolic significance and its ability to evoke the emotions of those engaged in the performance. In doing so, they believed the following three things would happen Achieve success in battle and hunting Ensure adequate sun and rain Express their duty to their community and Gods Primitive Theatre: Shaman Central figure in most rituals Priestly figure who communicates directly with gods through the rituals for the benefit of the tribe. How did theatre come to be: Myths, Stories and Rituals Entertainment Habit and Tradition THEATRE! The First Drama: The Earliest form of ritual being turned into theatre was first recorded by the Ancient Egypt Civilization in 2300 B.C.E. The Egyptians prayed to and believed in many gods. They paid homage to their gods with religious ceremonies that we call theatre today 6 types of Egyptian Plays all serious and took place in a tomb or temple Pyramid Play Coronation Festival Play Coronation Jubilee Medical Play Ra Play Passion Play Pyramid Plays: Written on pyramid walls and included stage directions and instructions These plays showed the ascent of the deceased kings soul and the resurrection of his body. Coronation Festival Plays: Performed at the coronation of each new Pharaoh Coronation Jubilee Play: Also known as Heb Sed Celebration of a Pharaoh’s 30th year of reign Written specifically for each Pharaoh after they reached this milestone it would reenact the events of his reign Medical Play: Revolved around the idea of magical healing Plot: The Goddess Isis, whose child is bitten by a scorpion, heals her son by using artificial respiration and a magic cure Ra Play: Ra is the Egyptian sun god Play featured Ra’s fight with Apophis, the snake god of the underworld. Ra always won The Passion Play: Most famous passion play was the Osiris Passion Play Performed annually for 2000 years Each performance lasted several days and included battle scenes with actual killings Osiris Passion Play Set, the god of evil, becomes jealous of his brother, Osiris. Tricking Osiris into a coffin, Set nails it shut. Isis, the wife of Osiris, finds the coffin and buries her husband, but Set digs him up and dismembers the body and scatters the parts all over the earth. Isis and their son collect the body pieces and rebury them. Osiris is resurrected and becomes King of the Dead, ruling over those mortals who ascend to heaven. Soooo…. Up until this point the majority of “theatre” was ritual based and had a specific purpose However, around the same time, the Greeks were beginning to develop their own style of theatre Types of Greek Theatre: Comedy: The first comedies were very farcical and over the top Mocked the men in power for their vanity and foolishness Tragedy: Dealt with themes of love, loss, pride, and the abuse of Power Most plays during this time fell into this category Satyr: Short plays performed between the acts of tragedies and made fun of the characters of the play Very few of these plays survived Who is Dionysus? Who is Dionysus Greek God of Wine and Fertility Held the Festival of Dionysus in his honor annually Believed that worshiping Dionysus would insure the return of spring and continued fertility Festival of Dionysus Held in Athens annually in the “Theatron” Watching space Theatre 5-6 days First recognized in 534 B.C.E when the Athenian Government began subsidizing the Festival Playwrights would enter plays into competition Winner won money and an ivy wreath as a symbol of victory All citizens were required to attend People from all around would make the journey Prisoners let out City would shut down for the festival Schedule of Events: Day 1: People observed religious rites, drank wine and sang. 1st performances by candlelight. Day 2 and 3: Dithyrambic contests A dithyramb is a hymn that was sung and danced in honor of Dionysus Performed by a group of 15-20 men called a Chorus Spoke as one and told the story of the play and helped explain the exposition Day 4 and 5 Each day 3 different playwrights featured four of their plays A Trilogy and a Satyr At the end of the day festival a winner was announced Actors: All Men Played more than one role How did they tell characters apart? Thespis Credited as the First Actor Separated himself from the chorus and delivered lines independently of them Created Dialogue International Thespian Society is named in his honor Greek Theatres: Large Outdoor Theatres Constructed out of hill sides Used natural slope Semicircular shape Held around 20,000 people Theater of Dionysus Greek Theaters The Stage: Three Main Portions of Greek Theatre: Skene Orchestra Theatron The Greek Outdoor Amphitheatre Two major performance areas- The Orchestra or “Dancing Circle” served as the primary acting area The Skene (scene building)- consisted of a building behind the orchestra probably used as a dressing room. Greek Scenic Devices Periaktoia revolving triangular devices with one scene painted on each side. Technical Devices Deus ex Machina“God From the Machine” The Machina- a crane that was used to represent characters who were flying or lifted off of the earth. Technical Devices Ekkyklema Low platform that could be rolled on stage Showed offstage action Costumes: Actors wore Mask Costumes were very colorful and had elaborate embroidery Masks: The masks were worn for many reason including: 1. Visibility 2. Acoustic Assistance 3. Few Actors, Many Roles 4. Characterization Modern Day Replicas: Hero-King Comedy Herald ) (Servant or Tragedy Chorus) (Weeping