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Meteorology and Climate Meteorology • Study of the earth’s atmospheric changes • weather Meteorologist • Scientist who studies weather weather • Short term condition of the atmosphere • Can change quickly, within days, hours, or minutes Atmosphere • The shell of gasses that surround the Earth • Divided into layers based on temperature changes with altitude Internal energy • Inside the earth • Causes: • Radioactive decay (heat left over from the forming of Earth) External energy • Solar energy-from the sun • Effected by: position of the sun in the sky • The amount of solar energy absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere • Insolation: incoming solar radiation Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere • ESRT page ____________? • Questions 1-16 How energy reaches earth • Radiation: • Energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic waves • Can travel through empty space • Most of the suns energy that reaches earth’s surface is in the visible range of electromagnetic spectrum Electromagnetic Spectrum ESRT page _____? • Classification of radiation based on wavelength, frequency, and amplitude • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. • 5. • 6. Heat waves= infrared and microwave radiation Lead protects you from xray Skin cancer results from too much UV radiation Music is sent along as radiowaves Nuclear bombs =gamma rays and x rays sun= all types but mostly visible Angle of insolation • Altitude of the sun over the horizon, measured in degrees • Highest altitude is 90 degrees • 90 degrees- light is most concentrated, heat is more concentration, warmer temperatures • 45 degrees- light is more spread out, less concentrated, less heat and cooler temperatures 1) Time of day • Sunrise- sun is lowest in the sky=cooler temperatures • Solar noon-sun is highest in the sky=warmer temperatures • Sunset-sun is low in the sky= cooler temperatures 2) Latitude • The lower the latitude the higher the angle of insolation • Equator- altitude of the sun is high all year, warm temperatures • Poles- altitude of sun is low all year, cooler temperatures 3) Seasons • In the northern hemisphere: • Sun is highest in the sky in June-warmer temperatures, summer • Sun is lowest in the sky in December-cooler temperatures, winter Duration of Insolation • Length of time the sun is over the horizon • Depends on latitude and time of year • Equator=12 hours all year long=no seasons • As the latitude increases… summer: longer days, warmer temperatures • …..winter: shorter days, cooler temperatures Duration of Insolation ?s • 1-3 Atmospheric transparency • Note packet Reflection/Refraction/Absorption • Light vs. Dark • Dark Surfaces: absorb greater amount of heat • Radiates the greatest amount of heat • Light Surface: reflect the greatest amount of heat • Radiate the least Albedo: fraction of the suns light that is reflected from a surface Reflection/Refraction/Absorption • Rough vs. Smooth • Rough surfaces: more surface area to absorb more • Smooth surfaces: less surface area, does not absorb as much Land vs. Water • Land heats up faster than water because water has a higher specific heat • Land cools down faster than water, because water has a higher specific heat • In the winter the lake may not freeze, in the spring-part of the lake may still be frozen even though temperatures are warm Specific Heat ESRT page….? • The amount of heat (calories) needed to raise the temperature of one gram of substance one degree Celsius • The higher the specific heat, the more heat energy it requires to raise the temperature of the material • The lower the specific heat the faster it heats up • If a material heats up quickly, it will also cool down quickly Specific Heat questions a-e, 1-5 Terrestrial Radiation • Note Packet Greenhouse effect • What is the greenhouse effect? • What are the greenhouse gases? Where do they come from? • What happens if we increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? • Create a diagram that shows what the greenhouse effect is. • Explain the diagram • Describe the runaway greenhouse effect. What is the example that is used to talk about the runaway effect. Why? Terrestrial Radiation Questions 1-9 Conduction • Transfer of energy from molecule to molecule • Most effective in solids, but can occur in gasses or liquids • Ex: metal bar •Con DUCT ion Convection • Energy transfer causes by the differences in density • Occurs in fluids • Most dominant heat transfer in Earth’s atmosphere • Warm air rises, cold air sinks Radiation • Transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves. Weather variables • Temperature: the measure of the average kinetic energy • How fast the molecules move • F Fahrenheit • C Celsius • K Kelvin • Isotherms: lines that connect places of equal temperature Temperature Conversions • Pg 183 Air Pressure • Weight of the Earths atmosphere • Changes depending on the temperature • Instrument: barometer • Measured in inches or milibars • Isobars: lines that connect places of equal barometric pressure Mercury Barometer • As air pressure pushes on the surface of the mercury in the dish, the mercury travels up the tube • As the pressure increases, the mercury rises up higher in the tube • Cold air sinks-causes higher air pressure • When pressure decreases, the mercury sinks out of the tube • Warm air rises-causes lower pressure Pressure conversions • Pg 184 • Isotherm and Isobar wkst, lab 3) Relative Humidity • Ratio between the amount of moisture in the atmosphere and how much moisture the atmosphere can hold • Measured in % • When the air is holding as much water vapor as it can hold it is saturated. RH100% • The warmer the temperature is the more moisture it can hold Hygrometer Sling Psychrometer • Dew Point Temperature: • Temperature in which the air is saturated 100% • Dry bulb- air temperature • Wet bulb- temperature an air parcel cooled by evaporation of water ESRT page ____ • Example 1: If the dry bulb temperature is 20 degrees C and the wet bulb temperature is 15 degrees C, find the dew point temperature and the relative humidity. • Example 2: Find the relative humidity and dew point temperature when the dry bulb temperature is 14 degrees C and the wet bulb temperature is 9 degrees C Humidity and Dew point calculations • 186-187 Condensation • Change of phase from water vapor to liquid water • Examples: water on cold glass, dew on grass, fog, clouds, water on mirror after a shower 3 things needed for condensation to occur • 1) water vapor must be present • 2)air must be saturated (relative humidity 100%) • 3) condensation nuclei ex. Dust particles Density of air • Warm air rises because it is less dense • Cold air sinks because it is more dense Formation of Clouds • Warm moist air rises • Air expands and cools to the dew point • Air becomes saturated • Water droplets form on dust particles • Clouds consist of water droplets and ice crystals Adiabatic cooling • Cooling of a parcel of air as it rises through the atmosphere • Dry adiabatic lapse rate- dry air cools faster • Wet adiabatic lapse rate- moist air cools slower Precipitation • Cloud particles too heavy to remain suspended in the air fall to Earth • Examples: rain, hail, sleet, snow, freezing rain Wind • The horizontal movement of air • Caused by the uneven heating of Earth’s surface • Differences in air temperature cause differences in air pressure • The greater the difference in air pressure the faster the wind • Named by the direction in which they come from • North wind comes from the north Sea Breeze • Water heats up slower than land • High specific heat • Cooler air temperatures • Air sinks • High pressure • Land heats up faster than water • Low specific heat • Warmer temperatures • Air rises • Low pressure Land Breeze • Water cools down slower than land (stays warmer) • High specific heat • Warmer temperatures at night • Air rises • Low Pressure • Land cools down faster than water • Low specific heat • Cooler temperatures at night • Air sinks • High Pressure Coriolis Effect • The deflection of the winds and ocean currents caused by the rotation of Earth • Deflection is to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere High Pressure • Cool/cold air • Air sinks/goes down • Air moves outward • Clockwise • No clouds • No precipitation Low Pressure • Air rises • Air moves inward • Warm air • Counter clockwise • Clouds • Precipitation likely Planetary Winds diagram • Planetary Winds and Moisture Belts in troposphere chart Weather changes graphs • Pg 191 Air masses • Large region of the atmosphere with uniform temperature and humidity • cP continental polar dry and cold • cT continental tropical dry and warm • mP maritime polar wet and cold • mT maritime tropical wet and warm • cA continental arctic dry and cold • Write the abbreviation for the air mass in the map below on page 192. Front • The boundary between two air masses • ESRT: ________? Cold Front • Cold air pushes the warm, moist air upward • Cold air is located behind the front • The greater the difference in temperatures, the more likely there will be a major storm • Usually pass quickly • Brings cold but clear weather conditions Warm Front • Warm air gently rolls over the colder air • Warm air is located behind the front • Conditions are usually cloudy and rainy for several hours • Usually pass slowly • Brings warmer but rainy weather conditions Occluded front • Occurs when a cold air mass overtakes a warm mass and overtakes another cold air mass • Precipitation is possible but not definite • Very slight temperature change Stationary Front • Notice no arrows to show direction in the weather map symbols • Stationary means the front is not moving • Final direction of movement is difficult to predict • Winds are blowing in opposite directions on each side of the front • Clouds can last for days Fronts are usually associated with… • Clouds • Precipitation • Change in temperature • Change in wind direction • Fronts packet Station Models Pressure • On a station model, barometric pressure is always written in a three digit format. • Converting from millibars: drop the 9 or 10 in the front and loose the decimal point. • 1009.3 = 093 • 1022.2 = 222 • 994.9 = 949 Pressure • Converting from the station model format to millibars: If the first number on the station model is 0-4, place a 10 in the front of the number. If the first number on the station model is 5-9, place a 9 in the front of the number. In either case, place a decimal point between the last 2 numbers Converting from the station model format to millibars: • 146 = First number is between 0 and 4. We put at 10 in front. • Number becomes 10146. • Next step is to place a decimal in between the last two numbers. • Our final answer is 1014.6 •978 = First number is between 5 and 9. We put a 9 in front. •Number becomes 9978. •We put a decimal in between the last two. •Our final answer is 997.8 Need to Know • The closer the air temperature is to the dew point temperature the greater the chance for precipitation • Weather motion • wunderground Storms activity Create a disaster plan • Plan • Supply kit