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• expert system https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system 1 In Artificial Intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decisionmaking ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, represented primarily as IF-THEN rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of AI software. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system 1 An expert system has a unique architecture, different from traditional computer programming. It is divided into two parts, one fixed, independent of the expert system: the inference engine, and one variable: the knowledge base. The knowledge base represents facts about the world and rules. The inference engine applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts. Inference engines can also include explanation and debugging capabilities. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - History 1 Hayes-Roth expressed the key insight of early expert systems to be that intelligent systems derive their power from the knowledge they possess rather than from the specific formalisms and inference schemes they use https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - History Expert systems were introduced by the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project led by Edward Feigenbaum who is sometimes referred to as the "father of expert systems". The Stanford researchers tried to identify domains where expertise was highly valued and complex such as diagnosing infectious diseases (Mycin) and identifying unknown organic molecules (Dendral) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - History 1 In addition to Feigenbaum key early contributors were Bruce Buchanan, Edward Shortliffe, Randall Davis, William vanMelle, and Carli Scott. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of AI software. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - History The advantage of expert system shells was that they were somewhat easier for non-programmers to use 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - History 1 In the 1980s, expert systems proliferated. Universities offered expert system courses and two thirds of the Fortune 1000 companies applied the technology in daily business activities. Interest was international with the Fifth Generation Computer Systems project in Japan and increased research funding in Europe. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - History Up until that point the primary development environment for expert systems had been high end Lisp machines from Symbolics and Texas Instruments 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - History Many of the leading major business application suite vendors such as SAP, Siebel, and Oracle integrated expert system capabilities into their suite of products as a way of specifying business logic 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Software architecture 1 An expert system is an example of a knowledge-based system. Expert systems were the first commercial systems to use a knowledge-based architecture. A knowledge-based system is essentially composed of two sub-systems: the knowledge base and the inference engine. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Software architecture 1 In later expert systems developed with commercial shells the knowledge base took on more structure and utilized concepts from object-oriented programming https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Software architecture 1 One of the early innovations of expert systems shells was to integrate inference engines with a user interface https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Software architecture As Expert Systems evolved many new techniques were incorporated into various types of inference engines. Some of the most important of these were: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Software architecture Although they were not highly used in expert systems classifiers are very powerful for unstructured volatile domains and are a key technology for the Internet and the emerging Semantic Web. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Advantages With an expert system the goal was to specify the rules in a format that was intuitive and easily understood, reviewed, and even edited by domain experts rather than IT experts 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Advantages With an expert system shell it was possible to enter a few rules and have a prototype developed in days rather than the months or year typically associated with complex IT projects. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Advantages 1 In addition as expert systems moved from prototypes in the lab to deployment in the business world issues of integration and maintenance became far more critical https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Disadvantages 1 These problems with expert systems were essentially the same problems as any other large system: integration, access to large databases, and performance. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Disadvantages 1 As a result a great deal of effort in the later stages of expert system tool development were focused on integration with legacy environments such as COBOL, integration with large database systems, and porting to more standard platforms https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Applications Also, while these categories provide an intuitive framework for describing the space of expert systems applications, they are not rigid categories and in some cases an application may show characteristics of more than one category. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Applications 1 For the most part this category or expert systems was not all that successful https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Applications 1 Dendral was a tool to study hypothesis formation in the identification of organic molecules. The general problem it solved—designing a solution given a set of constraints— was one of the most successful areas for early expert systems applied to business domains such as sales people configuring Dec Vax computers and mortgage loan application development. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert system - Applications 1 SMH.PAL is an expert system for the assessment of students with multiple disabilities. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems In Artificial Intelligence, an 'expert system' is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, represented primarily as IF-THEN rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of Artificial Intelligence|AI software. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems Inference engines can also include explanation and debugging capabilities., School of Science Education, Expert system: a catalyst in educational development in Nigeria: Knowledge-based systems collect the small fragments of human know-how into a knowledge-base which is used to reason through a problem, using the knowledge that is appropriated 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems - History 1 Expert systems were introduced by the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project led by Edward Feigenbaum who is sometimes referred to as the father of expert systems. The Stanford researchers tried to identify domains where expertise was highly valued and complex such as diagnosing infectious diseases Mycin|(Mycin) and identifying unknown organic https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems - History Stubblefield, Benjamin/Cummings Publishers, Rule Based Expert System Shell: example of code using the Prolog rule based expert system shell, Université de Liège, Belgique: PROLOG, the first declarative language 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems - History 1 In the 1980s, expert systems proliferated. Universities offered expert system courses and two thirds of the Fortune 1000 companies applied the technology in daily business activities.Durkin, J. Expert Systems: Catalog of Applications. Intelligent Computer Systems, Inc., Akron, OH, 1993. Interest was international with the Fifth Generation Computer Systems project in Japan and increased research https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems - History Up until that point the primary development environment for expert systems had been high end Lisp machines from Xerox, Symbolics Inc.|Symbolics and Texas Instruments 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems - History 1 Many of the leading major business application suite vendors such as SAP (software)|SAP, Siebel Systems|Siebel, and Oracle Corporation|Oracle integrated expert system capabilities into their suite of products as a way of specifying business logic https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html AI Winter - The fall of expert systems 1 Expert systems proved useful, but only in a few special contexts https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html AI Winter - The fall of expert systems The few remaining expert system|expert system shell companies were eventually forced to downsize and search for new markets and software paradigms, like case based reasoning or universal database access 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html History of AI - The neats: logic, Prolog and expert systems Prolog uses a subset of logic (Horn clauses, closely related to rules and production system|production rules) that permit tractable computation. Rules would continue to be influential, providing a foundation for Edward Feigenbaum's expert systems and the continuing work by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon that would lead to Soar (cognitive architecture)|Soar and their Unified Theory 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html History of AI - The rise of expert systems An expert system is a program that answers questions or solves problems about a specific domain of knowledge, using logical production system|rules that are derived from the knowledge of experts. The earliest examples were developed by Edward Feigenbaum and his students. Dendral, begun in 1965, identified compounds from spectrometer readings. MYCIN, 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html History of AI - The rise of expert systems 1 Expert systems restricted themselves to a small domain of specific knowledge (thus avoiding the commonsense knowledge problem) and their simple design made it relatively easy for programs to be built and then modified once they were in place. All in all, the programs proved to be useful: something that AI had not been able to achieve up to this point. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html History of AI - The rise of expert systems 1 Corporations around the world began to develop and deploy expert systems and by 1985 they were spending over a billion dollars on AI, most of it to inhouse AI departments https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Software agent - Distinguishing agents from expert systems 1 * Expert systems are not coupled to their environment; https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html R1 (expert system) 1 The 'R1' (later called 'XCON', for e'X'pert 'CON'figurer) program was a productionrule-based system written in OPS5 by John P. McDermott of Carnegie Mellon University|CMU in 1978 to assist in the ordering of Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC's VAX computer systems by automatically selecting the computer system components based on the customer's requirements. The https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html R1 (expert system) 1 XCON's success led DEC to Rewrite (programming)|rewrite XCON as 'XSEL'- a version of XCON intended for use by DEC's salesforce to aid a customer in properly configuring their VAX (so they wouldn't, say, choose a computer too large to fit through their doorway or choose too few cabinets for the components to fit in). Location problems and configuration were handled by yet another expert system, 'XSITE'. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by automated reasoning|reasoning about knowledge, represented primarily as Rule-based system|if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of Artificial Intelligence|AI 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems Inference engines can also include explanation and debugging capabilities.[http://www.hrmars.com/admin/pic s/261.pdf Nwigbo Stella and Agbo Okechuku Chuks], School of Science Education, Expert system: a catalyst in educational development in Nigeria: Knowledge-based systems collect the small fragments of human know-how into a knowledge-base which is used to reason through a problem, using the knowledge that is appropriated 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems - History 1 Edward Feigenbaum in a 1977 paper said that the key insight of early expert systems was that intelligent systems derive their power from the knowledge they possess rather than from the specific formalisms and inference schemes they use (as paraphrased by Hayes-Roth, et al.) Although, in retrospect, this seems a rather straightforward insight, it was a https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems - History Expert systems were introduced by the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project led by Feigenbaum, who is sometimes referred to as the father of expert systems. The Stanford researchers tried to identify domains where expertise was highly valued and complex, such as diagnosing infectious diseases (Mycin) and identifying unknown organic molecules (Dendral). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems - History In addition to Feigenbaum key early contributors were Edward Shortliffe, Bruce Buchanan, and Randall Davis. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of Artificial Intelligence|AI software. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems - History Stubblefield, Benjamin/Cummings Publishers, Rule Based Expert System Shell: example of code using the Prolog rule based expert system shell[http://promethee.philo.ulg.ac.be/e ngdep1/download/prolog/htm_docs/pro log.htm A 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems - History Many of the leading major business application suite vendors such as SAP (software)|SAP, Siebel Systems|Siebel, and Oracle Corporation|Oracle integrated expert system capabilities into their suite of products as a way of specifying business logic 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages They also see in the application of expert systems a possibility for standardized, efficient handling of mortgage loans, and appreciate that for the acceptance of mortgages there are hard and fast rules which do not always exist with other types of loans. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages 1 The expert system corrects this failure”. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages The expert system also capitalizes on regulatory possibilities. In France, the government subsidizes one type of loan which is available only on low-cost properties (the HLM) and to lower income families. Known as frets Conventionnes, these carry a rate of interest lower than the rate on the ordinary property loan from a bank. The difficulty is that granting them is subject to numerous regulations, 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages Expert system for mortgages takes care of these by providing branch employees with tools permitting them to process an application correctly, even if a bank employee does not have an exact knowledge of the screening procedure. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives The expert system neither refuses nor grants loans, but it: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives 1 * means and the security to be obtained from him.Expert systems in banking: a guide for senior managers./Dimitris N.Chorafas and Heinrich Steinmann. p. 222-225. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives The expert system provides the branch with a significant amount of assistance simply by producing correct applications for a loan. In many cases the client had to choose between different types of loans, and it was planned that expert system should enable bank employees to advise clients on the type of loan which best matched their needs. This, 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives The main tasks of expert system for mortgages focused on: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives 1 Simple expert systems constitute the first phase of a loan application for mortgage purposes. After a prototype is made, the construct should be presented to expert loan officers who, working together with the knowledge engineer(s) will refine the first model. But if there is no first try which is simple and understandable, there will not be complex real-life solutions https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages - Goals and Objectives 1 Whether simple or sophisticated, an expert system for mortgages should be provided with explanation facilities that show how it reaches its decisions and hence its advice. The confidence of the loan officer in the AI construct will be increased when this is done in a convincing manner. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages - Application of expert systems for mortgages 1 Through the Mavent Compliance Console (MC2), the front-end interface to the Mavent Expert System, Fannie Mae review loans for compliance with its policies on the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), federal and state high-cost lending laws, and the points-and-fees test as outlined in the Fannie Mae Selling and Servicing Guide. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages - Application of expert systems for mortgages Expert systems for mortgages can be used not only in mortgage banking, but also in law. There are some expert system that was developed to assist attorneys and paralegals in the closing process for commercial real estate mortgage loans. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html Expert systems for mortgages - Application of expert systems for mortgages 1 An Expert System for Legal Consultation https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expert-system-toolkit.html For More Information, Visit: • https://store.theartofservice.co m/the-expert-systemtoolkit.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com