Download The Reconstruction (1865

Unit 5: The Civil War and
Reconstruction (1850-1877)
The Reconstruction of the
United States (1865-1877)
President Lincoln’s Wartime Strategies as Preserver of the Union
1. Fort Sumter
President Buchanan attempted to resupply the fort & failed; Lincoln decided
to resupply & told Major Anderson to hold it. CSA took the fort and started
the war.
2. Political
Dissention
Lincoln appointed political rivals to Cabinet posts; Copperhead leader
Clement Vallandigham arrested & deported to CSA; Lincoln suspended
Habeas Corpus; formed Union Party in 1864 with Andrew Johnson (TN-D) to
show unity
3. Military
Strategies
Anaconda Plan to blockade CSA; Admiral Farragut took New Orleans and
Baton Rouge on MS River; 6 Generals before Grant; Grant, Sherman, & other
generals used Total War to crush CSA
4. Emancipation
Proclamation
Part of Total War strategy to deprive CSA of labor; contraband (escaped
slaves) used to labor for Union Army; 54th MA Division first of 180,000 black
troops to serve in Union Army; Emancipation Proclamation & Gettysburg
Address redefined purpose of war.
5. Economic
Policies
Homestead Act of 1862 – westward settlement (free land) to produce food
for war; Pacific Railway Act of 1862– transcontinental RR from Omaha, NE to
Sacramento, CA; Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 raised taxes on imports, but did
not completely finance war; National Banking Acts of 1863 & 1864 returned
US to a system of national banks (similar to 1st & 2nd Bank of the US) to
strengthen our currency & allow government to inspect and regulate
chartered national banks. The US was #3 industrialized nation at war’s end.
6. Reconstruction
Plans
Mild & forgiving plan for Reconstruction; 10% Plan – 10% of voters in CSA
had to re-pledge allegiance to the Union; no pardons for high-ranking CSA
officials; 13th Amendment to abolish slavery was on its way to states by end
of Civil War.
Daily Learning Targets
I can describe and evaluate the impact of the
three different Reconstruction plans and their
social, economic, and political impact on the
United States.
I can describe the provisions and immediate
impact of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
to the U.S. Constitution.
I can describe and analyze the immediate and
long-term effects of Reconstruction on African
Americans and the nation as a whole.
The Reconstruction (1865-1877)
The Reconstruction was the U.S.
government’s controversial effort
to restore the defeated Southern
States to the Union after the Civil
War.
The War’s Aftermath!
2/3 Southern Shipping in ruins?
Cities, farms, factories, homes
destroyed?
Unemployment was rampant?
What to do about the seceded
states? How do they re-enter the
Union?
What is the future of the nearly 4
million newly freed ex-slaves
(freedmen)?
Are freedmen to be given equal
rights to white Americans?
What is to be done with the
millions who supported the
Confederacy? What about
Confederate leaders?
Richmond, Virginia (1865)
Three Reconstruction Plans
1. President Lincoln’s Plan
2. President Andrew Johnson’s Plan
3. Congress’s Plan
Which plan would the U.S. follow?
The Freedman’s Bureau
By Congress-March 1865
– 1872
1st federal relief agency
in U.S. history
Clothing, Medicine, &
Meals to ex-slaves
250,000 plus blacks
received first education
at Freedman’s Bureau
schools
The question of land?
President Lincoln’s Plan
1.
2.
3.
4.
“Malice toward none” – his plan was
lenient & forgiving; Goal = to “Bind
the nation’s wounds.”
Called the Ten Percent Plan
10% Voters in CSA states had to repledge loyalty to Union
Next states had to write new
constitutions that abolished slavery
(13 Amendment is on its way to the
states)
Gave pardons to ex-Confederates.
Denied pardons for high-ranking
military and government officials.
No voting rights for blacks or
readmission to the Union. Why?
After these were complete, they
could hold elections and participate
in the Union again.
Lincoln is Assassinated!
John Wilkes Booth, an
actor, originally plotted
to kidnap Lincoln and
others
Also targeted were VP
Andrew Johnson & Sec.
State William H.
Seward
April 14, 1865 at Ford’s
Theatre Booth murders
Lincoln
Booth is killed 12 days
later near Port Royal,
VA by a Union soldier
4/10 co-conspirators
were hanged
John Wilkes Booth
Lincoln Conspirators Executions
President Johnson’s Plan
1.
2.
3.
4.
He was a Democrat from TN, , ex-SEN, VP he
hated rich slave owners, but once owned
slaves; he took office when Congress was
out of session and enacted his own plan.
Southerners pardoned when they repledged allegiance to Union
States could write new constitutions
without Lincoln’s 10%
13th Amendment- abolished slavery & states
had to void secession
Amnesty to high-ranking CSA officials who
asked him personally by letter unlike
Lincoln’s Plan
Lenient like Lincoln’s Plan, but more
generous. He pardoned 13,000 in 1865
alone!
President Johnson and
Republican Congress at Odds!
During Johnson’s 1st 8 months in office southern states
were readmitted one by one.
Southern states were quick to pass Black Codes – laws
that restricted the rights of freedmen (curfews, labor
contracts, no firearms, interracial marriage, etc.)
Johnson, a Southerner, supported States’ Rights so he
didn’t intervene. Although it would mean no vote or
rights for African Americans
Congress blamed Johnson for the Democrats quick return
to power in the South and failure to protect Blacks.
Furthermore, they despised his policies because he
lacked a mandate or voter approval to govern.
Radical Republican/ Congressional
Plan for Reconstruction
RR’s were different from most
moderate Republicans because they
favored full equality for Blacks and
punishing the Confederacy for the
Civil War.
1866 – Congress passed the Civil
Rights Act which outlawed black
codes
Johnson vetoed it and Congress
overrode it
Congress then passed the 14th
Amendment which gave citizenship
and equal protection under the law
to African-Americans.
Charles Sumner
(MA) Senate
Thaddeus Stevens
(PA) House of Reps
“Crimes Against Kansas Speech”
(1856)
The Reconstruction Act of 1867
(Radical Republican Plan)
Johnson’s opposition to the 14th Amendment led to
more RR’s elected to Congress in 1866. In 1867 they
enacted their own plan. His veto won’t stop it. Why?
1. Military Rule: South divided into 5 military districts
controlled by Union troops
2. Representatives and Senators were sent home and
states had to draft new constitutions
3. All eligible voters (blacks too) could vote
4. Temporarily barred ex-Confederates from voting
5. States had to guarantee equal rights to all citizens
6. States must ratify 14th Amendment
Radical Military Districts
Exit Slip – Three Reconstruction Plans
1. President Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstructing the
South was known as the ___ Percent Plan.
a. Two b. Ten c. Fifty d. Seventy-five
2. President Johnson’s plan required the Southern
States to ratify the ____ Amendment, which
abolished slavery.
a. 13th b. 14th c. 19th d. 27th
3. Who favored a harsh and punishing
Reconstruction plan for the South?
a. Lincoln
b. Johnson
c. Radical Republicans
d. Ex-Confederates
4. How many military districts was the South divided
into during Reconstruction?
a. 3
b. 5 c. 8
d. 11
President Johnson’s Impeachment
Congress passed the Tenure
of Office Act (1867) to
prevent Johnson from firing
Cabinet members
Johnson fired Sec. War Edwin
Stanton (R) who was over
Military Reconstruction
Feb. 1868 -Impeached by
House for “High Crimes and
Misdemeanors”
May 1868 – Both Johnson and
the US Constitution were
saved by 1 vote in the Senate
trial by Senator Edmund G.
Ross (R-KN)!
The Elections of 1868 & 1872
General Ulysses S. Grant –
War hero & Republican
narrowly defeats Horatio
Seymour (D-NY) in 68 and
Horace Greely (D-NY in 72
with help from new African
American voters.
Although Grant is popular and
honest his 8 years in office
were clouded by political
scandals which damaged the
image of the Republican Party.
President Grant
Hate Groups Spread Terror!
The Ku Klux Klan or KKK (1865)
began as a social club in TN & quickly
grew into a terrorist organization.
Targets were blacks & White
Republicans carpetbaggers (N) and
scalawags (S).
Goals were to drive Republican party
from the South & prevent Blacks from
voting and obtaining social equality in
the South.
The Force Act of 1870 signed by
President Grant authorized Union
soldiers to protect blacks. As a result
1000’s of KKK were arrested and
tried.
However, white Democrats gradually
began to take back Southern state
and local governments as U.S. troop
levels were reduced in the South
throughout the 1870s.
15th Amendment (1870)
Last of Reconstruction
Amendments
No state can deny a citizen the
right to vote on basis of race or
color
Union troops protected blacks
and they voted in mass!
Blanch K. Bruce (MS) in 1874
became first of two black
Senators, LA elected a black
governor, 16 black
congressmen, 600 to state
legislatures & 1000s to local
offices throughout the South.
The Stolen Election of 1876
By 1876 US voters grew tired of greed,
scandals, & corruption in government
1876 Election saw Samuel Tilden (DNY) win popular vote by 250,000 over
Rutherford B. Hayes (R-OH)
SC, FL, LA were still Republican/
military- controlled and they threw out
enough Democratic votes to give Hayes
(185) victory over Tilden (184)!
Both parties cheated, but each claimed
victory
Congress decided to form a 15-man
electoral commission (5 R, 5 D, 5 SC
Justices) to decide the winner.
How did they vote?
The Compromise of 1877
Ends Reconstruction!
The Commission ruled 8-7 in favor of
Hayes, but Democrats had enough
votes in Congress to reject it.
So, both parties compromised:
1. Democrats would accept Hayes if
Republicans removed the rest of the
troops from the South
2. Hayes would appoint a conservative
Southerner to his Cabinet
3. Congress & Hayes would provide
$$$ for Southern Railroads.
Reconstruction ends and the “Long
Night” of racial segregation begins
for African-Americans in the South &
lasts until the 1950s & 60s.
The Effects of Reconstruction
(CRQ Essay!)
Successes
Failures
1. Union restored and South 1. Blacks remained poor;
repaired
many were sharecroppers
or tenant farmers
2. South began to
industrialize; North’s
2. KKK reemerged, Jim
economy continued to
Crow Laws, &
grow
Segregation denied rights
3. The 13th,14th, 15th
3. Racism still existed in
Amendments provided
both the North & South
foundation for civil rights 4. South still lagged behind
4. Tax-supported education
North economically
for Blacks and Poor
Whites
Exit Slip – The End of Reconstruction
1. Most historians consider President Grant a(n)
________ president.
a. effective b. weak c. mean d. uncaring
2. Which amendment gave African-Americans
the right to vote?
a. 13th
b. 14th
c. 15th
d. 16th
3. The “Stolen Election” of President _______ in
1876 ended Reconstruction.
a. Grant b. Tilden c. Hayes d. Garfield
4. List one positive OR one negative effect of
Reconstruction.
Bell Ringer – Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction
1. What organization created by Congress provided exslaves their first chance for school?
a. NAACP b. United Negro College Fund
c. Freedman’s Bureau
2. T or F: Lincoln favored a harsh Reconstruction plan
for the South.
3. Who was President Lincoln’s assassin?
a. John Wilkes Booth b. Charles Guiteau
c. Lee Harvey Oswald
4. All of the following were targeted for assassination
along with Lincoln except
a. Sec. of State Seward b. Sec. of War Stanton
c. Vice President Johnson