Download Cancer - EUREKA! Science

Cancer
Foundations of Science
Vocabulary
 Apoptosis: programmed cell death
 Metastasis: spreading of cancerous cells to other parts of the
body
Cancer
 Cells that no longer
respond to the signals that
control growth an death
Cancer
 Cells that no longer
respond to the signals that
control growth an death
 Arise from normal tissue
cells
Cancer
 Cells that no longer
respond to the signals that
control growth an death
 Arise from normal tissue
cells
 Many genetic controls for
the process of cell division
Cancer
 Cells that no longer
respond to the signals that
control growth an death
 Arise from normal tissue
cells
 Many genetic controls for
the process of cell division
 Mutations occur in the areas
that control cell division and
proliferation
Cancer
 Cells that no longer
respond to the signals that
control growth an death
 Arise from normal tissue
cells
 Many genetic controls for
the process of cell division
 Mutations occur in the areas
that control cell division and
proliferation
 Most cancer cells have 60
or more mutations in their
genes
Multistep Process
 Cells acquire a series of mutations
Multistep Process
 Cells acquire a series of mutations
 Unrestrained growth/cell division
Multistep Process
 Cells acquire a series of mutations
 Unrestrained growth/cell division
 Cell does not differentiate, meaning it does not function as the
cell type it is
Multistep Process
 Cells acquire a series of mutations
 Unrestrained growth/cell division
 Cell does not differentiate, meaning it does not function as the
cell type it is
 Evades cell death (mutated cells generally undergo apoptosis)
Multistep Process
 Cells acquire a series of mutations
 Unrestrained growth/cell division
 Cell does not differentiate, meaning it does not function as the
cell type it is
 Evades cell death (mutated cells generally undergo apoptosis)
 As the cancerous cell grows it stimulates growth of blood
vessels, which gives it a supply of blood and nutrients
Multistep Process
 Cells acquire a series of mutations
 Unrestrained growth/cell division
 Cell does not differentiate, meaning it does not function as the
cell type it is
 Evades cell death (mutated cells generally undergo apoptosis)
 As the cancerous cell grows it stimulates growth of blood
vessels, which gives it a supply of blood and nutrients
 Eventually tumor cells can spread to other parts of the body
Cancer Is Genetic
 Mutation can be inherited from parents
Cancer Is Genetic
 Mutation can be inherited from parents
 An example would be BRCA1, the breast cancer gene
Cancer Is Genetic
 Mutation can be inherited from parents
 An example would be BRCA1, the breast cancer gene
 Mutation can occur during cells normal function
Cancer Is Genetic
 Mutation can be inherited from parents
 An example would be BRCA1, the breast cancer gene
 Mutation can occur during cells normal function
 An example would be brain cancers
Cancer Is Genetic
 Mutation can be inherited from parents
 An example would be BRCA1, the breast cancer gene
 Mutation can occur during cells normal function
 An example would be brain cancers
 Mutation could be due to exposure to some disease causing
agent
Cancer Is Genetic
 Mutation can be inherited from parents
 An example would be BRCA1, the breast cancer gene
 Mutation can occur during cells normal function
 An example would be brain cancers
 Mutation could be due to exposure to some disease causing
agent
 Lung cancer from smoking
 Skin cancer from sun exposure
Cancer Mutations
 There are two general areas of genetic mutation that allow
cancer to begin and spread
Cancer Mutations
 There are two general areas of genetic mutation that allow
cancer to begin and spread
 Proto-oncogenes: Start cell division
Cancer Mutations
 There are two general areas of genetic mutation that allow
cancer to begin and spread
 Proto-oncogenes: Start cell division
 Tumor-suppressor: Turn off cell division
Cancer Mutations
 There are two general areas of genetic mutation that allow
cancer to begin and spread
 Proto-oncogenes: Start cell division
 Tumor-suppressor: Turn off cell division
 Both sets of mutations allow cell to begin dividing and then to
continuously divide, leading to uncontrolled cell growth
Types of Tumors
 Benign: Tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to
other areas of the body
Types of Tumors
 Benign: Tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to
other areas of the body
 Malignant: Tumor is cancerous and can spread to other
areas of the body
Benign Tumor Types
 Adenomas: epithelial tissue (thin skin like layer)
Benign Tumor Types
 Adenomas: epithelial tissue (thin skin like layer)
 Fibromas: Connective tissue
Benign Tumor Types
 Adenomas: epithelial tissue (thin skin like layer)
 Fibromas: Connective tissue
 Hemangiomas: buildup of blood vessels
Benign Tumor Types
 Adenomas: epithelial tissue (thin skin like layer)
 Fibromas: Connective tissue
 Hemangiomas: buildup of blood vessels
 Lipomas: Grow from fat cells
Treatment For Benign Tumors
 Unless it is causing pain, affecting normal function, or
growing too fast, benign tumors can be left alone
Treatment For Benign Tumors
 Unless it is causing pain, affecting normal function, or
growing too fast, benign tumors can be left alone
 Otherwise, surgery to remove the growth is done
Treatment For Benign Tumors
 Unless it is causing pain, affecting normal function, or
growing too fast, benign tumors can be left alone
 Otherwise, surgery to remove the growth is done
 Doctors will generally monitor to make sure it does not grow
back
Malignant Tumors
 Carcinoma: skin or tissue that line/cover organs
Malignant Tumors
 Carcinoma: skin or tissue that line/cover organs
 Sarcoma: Bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other
connective tissue
Malignant Tumors
 Carcinoma: skin or tissue that line/cover organs
 Sarcoma: Bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other
connective tissue
 Leukemia: blood-forming tissue (bone marrow)
Malignant Tumors
 Carcinoma: skin or tissue that line/cover organs
 Sarcoma: Bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other
connective tissue
 Leukemia: blood-forming tissue (bone marrow)
 Lymphoma/Myeloma: cells of the immune system
Malignant Tumors
 Carcinoma: skin or tissue that line/cover organs
 Sarcoma: Bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels or other
connective tissue
 Leukemia: blood-forming tissue (bone marrow)
 Lymphoma/Myeloma: cells of the immune system
 Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
Treatments For Malignant Tumors
 Chemotherapy
 Immunotherapy
 Radiation Therapy
 Stem Cell Transplantation(leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma)
In Conclusion
 Cancer is a set of individual mutations that allow for
uncontrolled cell growth
 Each individual cancer is unique, and most treatments are
tailored to the individual patient