Download Which of the following refers to the relationship between cost and

Which of the
following refers to
the relationship
between cost and
activity?
A)Cost prediction
B)Cost behavior
C)Cost estimation
DCost prevention
)
E)None of the above
This refers to the relationship between cost and activity, and is relevant to
the management functions of planning, control, and decision making.
Which describes the flow of the linear relationship between cost behavior, cost
prediction, and cost estimation?
A)Cost behavior → Cost prediction → Cost estimation
B)Cost prediction → Cost behavior → Cost estimation
C)Cost estimation → Cost prediction → Cost behavior
DCost estimation → Cost behavior → Cost prediction
)
E)Cost behavior → Cost estimation → Cost prediction
The correct flow of the linear relationship between cost behavior, cost
prediction, and cost estimation is: Cost estimation → Cost behavior → Cost
prediction. In other words, (1) determine how a cost behaves, (2) determine
the relationship between the cost and activity, and (3) forecast the cost at a
particular level of activity.=
The managerial accountant will use the visual-fit method as a tool to
accomplish which of the following?
A)Cost prediction
B)Cost behavior
C)Cost estimation
DCost prevention
)
E)None of the above
Cost estimation is the process of determining how a particular cost behaves.
Different techniques can be used by the managerial accountant including the
visual fit method.
Yummy Donuts uses flour when producing both its yeast and cake donut
varieties. Select the answer below that best explains how Yummy's flour cost
will change as a result of an increase in production volume.
A)
B)
C)
---------- This
one (C)
D
)
E)
Flour would be considered a variable cost by Yummy. Variable costs change
in total in direct proportion to a change in production. As more donuts are
produced more flour is used in total. The flour per individual donut (i.e. per
unit) does not increase and instead stays constant.
Consider the following schedule of activities, unit cost, and total costs:
Which of the following is correct with respect to each activity and the cost
classification of that activity?
Activity A: Fixed cost. Activity B: Variable cost. Activity C:
A)Semivariable cost
B)Activity A: Variable cost. Activity B: Fixed. Activity C: Semivariable cost
Activity A: Fixed cost. Activity B: Semivariable cost. Activity C: Variable
C)cost
DActivity A: Semivariable cost. Activity B: Fixed cost. Activity C: Variable
)cost
Activity A: Semivariable cost. Activity B: Variable cost. Activity C: Fixed
E)cost
Activity A is a fixed cost, which is a cost that remains unchanged in total as
the activity level varies. The fixed cost per unit will decrease or increase
inversely to increases or decreases in changes in levels of activity. A variable
cost increases in direct proportion to changes in levels of activity and is
constant on a per unit basis. A semivariable cost increases with increases in
level of activity, but not proportionately.
Consider the following schedule of activities, unit cost, and total costs:
Which of the Activities is most likely a semivariable cost?
A)Activity A
B)Activity B
C)Activity C
DAll of the above
)
E)None of the above
This is a cost that will vary with activity, but not in direct proportion to
activity levels, and does not remain unchanged per unit. Semivariable
costs have both a fixed and variable component.
7
When using a semivariable cost behavior pattern to approximate a curvilinear
cost, the approximation should be limited to which of the following?
A)Determining only the variable portion of the cost
B)The curvilinear costs within the relevant range of activity
C)All activity above the relevant range of activity
DThe approximate fixed cost portion
)
E)All of the above
Usually, the approximation is quite accurate for activity levels within the
relevant range. Outside of the relevant range, the curvilinear cost line is not
a straight line, but the regression line that depicts both variable and fixed
costs would be.
8
Yummy Donuts uses flour when producing both its yeast and cake donut
varieties. Select the answer below that best explains how Yummy's flour cost
would be classified.
A)an engineered cost
B)a committed cost
C)a discretionary cost
Da guaranteed cost
)
E)none of the above
An engineered cost bears a definitive physical relationship to the activity
measure. Flour, is a significant direct material and it is impossible to produce
more donuts without using more flour.
Consider the following costs incurred by a small state university and identify
the cost which would be an example of a committed cost?
A)Salaries paid to tenured faculty in the Engineering school
B)Advertising and promotion
C)Salaries paid to non-tenured faculty teaching under an annual contract
DContributions to charities
)
E)Training programs for graduate teaching assistants
A committed cost results from an organization's ownership or use of facilities
and its basic organizational structure. Salaries of tenured faculty would be
considered a committed fixed cost. These costs can be changed but it is a
major decision and is not easy to do. Faculty working under a one year
contract would be discretionary as the school can simply choose to not
renew for the upcoming year.
Sales personnel are paid a fixed, monthly salary and a commission of 5
percent of net sales. Cost estimation of the Sales Salaries Expense account
might be accomplished most easily by which of the following methods?
A)Multiple regression
B)Account-classification
C)Visual-fit
DHigh-low
)
E)Least-squares regression
The account-classification method of cost estimation, also called accountanalysis,involves a careful examination of the organization's ledger
accounts.
11
Consider the following:
Use the high-low method of cost estimation to solve for the fixed and variable
cost portions of this cost and select the appropriate answer.
A)Fixed cost: $ 6,000; variable cost: $1.20 per unit.
B)Fixed cost: $22,000; variable cost: $2.20 per unit.
C)Fixed cost: $10,000; variable cost: $1.20 per unit.
DFixed cost: $ 4,000; variable cost: $1.20 per unit.
)
E)Fixed cost: $ 6,000; variable cost: $2.20 per unit
The variable cost per unit (b) is $1.20 (= $6,000/5,000). Substituting known
values, the total cost = (a) + $1.20(15,000), or $28,000 = (a) +
$1.20(15,000). The fixed cost (a) = $10,000 (= $28,000 – ($1.20 x 15,000)).
12
Consider the following cost for the first and second quarters of the fiscal year:
Use the high-low method of cost estimation and determine the estimated total
cost for July, which is budgeted for 9,000 units of activity.
A)$23,750
B)$21,500
C)$23,150
D$22,550
)
E)$26,200
Using the high-low method of cost estimation, the variable cost per unit (b)
is $1.50 (= ($27,500 – $20,000)/(13,000 – 8,000)). Applying the equation
of Y = a + bX, the fixed cost (a) is $8,000 (= $27,500 – ($1.50 x 13,000)).
To solve for total costs when two or more independent variables exist, you
should use which of the following for cost estimation?
A)A simple regression equation
B)The high-low method
C)A multiple regression equation
DA goodness of fit
)
E)Visual-fit method
Multiple regression is a cost estimation method thatuses an equation that
includes the multiple independent variables.
The phenomenon of labor time and labor cost declining as output increases is
known as which of the following?
A)Experience curve
B)Learning curve
C)Variable cost curve
DMultiple regression
)
E)Simple regression
The learning curve is the term given to phenomenon of labor time and labor
cost declining as output increases. When the learning-curve concept is
applied to a broader set of costs than just labor costs, it is referred to as
an experience curve.
15
Which of the following frequently is a problem that complicates the process of
data collection?
A)Missing data
B)Outliers
C)Mismatched time periods
DInflation
)
E)All of the above
In addition to those items listed (A, B, C, and D), trade-offs in choosing the
time period and allocated and discretionary costs are also problems that
frequently complicate the process of data collection
1
Total contribution margin can be defined as which of the following?
A)Total sales revenue minus total fixed expenses
B)Total sales revenue minus the total of fixed and variable expenses
C)Total sales revenue minus total variable expenses
D)Total sales revenue minus profit
E)Total fixed expenses minus total variable costs
Total contribution margin is defined as total sales revenues
minus total variable expenses. It is the amount of revenue
that is available to contribute to covering fixed expenses after
all variable expenses have been covered.
2
If fixed expenses are $54,000, break-even sales units are 15,000, and the
contribution margin ratio is .60, what is the unit contribution margin?
A)$2.40
B)$3.60
C)$6.00
D)$5.40
E)$4.50
The break-even point in sales dollars is equal to total fixed
expenses divided by the contribution margin ratio. In this
case, the break-even point is sales dollars is $90,000
($54,000/0.60). The unit sale price is $6 ($90,000/15,000).
The unit contribution margin is $3.60 ($6 x 0.60).
3
If fixed expenses are $38,000, break-even sales units are 9,500, and the
contribution margin ratio is .40, what is the unit selling price?
A)$4.00
B)$6.00
C)$10.00
D)$2.00
E)None of the above
Solve for the unit contribution margin. The break-even point
in units (9,500) is equal to total fixed expenses ($38,000)
divided by the unit contribution margin (unknown). Solve the
problem as follows:
$38,000/X
= 9,500
X = $4
The contribution margin ratio is the unit contribution margin
(found in step 1) divided by the unit sales price. Use the
contribution margin ratio (.4) and contribution margin ($4) to
solve for the unit sales price
4
Fixed expenses are $75,000. The unit sales price is $25. The contribution
margin ratio is .60. What are the break-even sales units?
A)10,000
B)5,000
C)7,500
D)125,000
E)None of the above
Using the contribution-margin approach, the break-even point
in units is equal to the fixed expenses divided by the unit
contribution margin. The break-even point in units is 5,000 (=
$75,000/($25 x 0.60)).
5
Consider the following:
In constructing a cost-volume-profit (CVP) graph, at what level on the
vertical axis will the total expenses line begin?
A)$120,000
B)$80,000
C)$240,000
D)$40,000
E)$200,000
The total cost line will begin on the vertical axis at the dollar
amount of total fixed expenses.
6
Consider the following:
At what sales volume was the above data derived?
A)12,500 units
B)7,500 units
C)15,000 units
D)10,000 units
E)5,000 units
The sales volume can be calculated by dividing total variable
expenses by the unit variable cost. The unit variable cost can
be calculated by subtracting the unit contribution margin from
the unit sales price.
$24- $8 = $16 of variable cost per unit
$120,000 total variable expense/ $16 = 7,500 units. LO 3
7
An increase in a company's variable cost per unit will:
A)decrease the number of units which must be sold to break even.
B)decrease the fixed costs on a per unit basis.
increase the number of units that must be sold to cover
C)variable and fixed costs.
D)increase net income
E)make it impossible for the company to break-even.
If variable cost per unit increases, more units will need to be
sold in order to break-even. This can be seen mathematically
using the Contribution Margin Approach and noting that the
unit contribution margin is smaller, making the break-even
point in units larger.
8
Consider the following:
How many sales units are required to earn the target profit?
A)15,000 units
B)12,000 units
C)6,400 units
D)12,800 units
E)10,000 units
The number of units required to earn the target profit is equal
to fixed expenses plus the target profit, divided by the unit
contribution margin. The number of units required to earn
the target profit is 10,000 (= ($78,000 + $42,000)/$12)).
9
Consider the following:
Use the equation method and compute the units of sales required to earn
a target profit of $12,000.
A)3,220
B)4,440
C)3,840
D)4,267
E)4,560
:
The equation is: $38X – $18X – $76,800 = $12,000. Solve for
X (X = the units required to earn the target profit). X =
$88,800/$20X; X = 4,440 units.
10
Consider the following:
What is the weighted-average unit contribution margin for the sales mix?
A)$12.00
B)$17.33
C)$26.00
D)$16.00
E)$15.00
The weighted-average unit contribution margin is the average
of the unit contribution margins weighted by the relative sales
proportion of each product: ($4 x 4/8) + ($16 x 3/8) + ($32 x
1/8), or $2 + $6 + $4, or $12. (Alternative: [(($4 x 4) + ($16
x 3) + ($32 x 1)) / 8]. LO 5
11
Consider the following:
Fixed expenses are $32,000. What is the number of units of Product A
sold at the break-even point?
A)6,000
B)4,000
C)1,500
D)1,000
E)2,500
The weighted-average unit contribution margin is $6.40, or
($4 x 4/5) + ($16 x 1/5). Fixed expenses divided by the
weighted-average unit contribution margin determines total
units sold at break even: $32,000/$6.40= 5,000. Units of
Product A break-even: 5,000 x 4/5 = 4,000. Proof: (4,000 x
$4) + (1,000 x $16) = $32,000.
12
Consider the following:
Sales revenues were $300,000. There was no beginning or ending
inventory. Which of the following statements is false?
A)Income in a traditional income statement is $75,000.
B)Income in a contribution income statement is $80,000.
C)The contribution margin is $190,000.
D)A contribution income statement is an internal document (report).
E)A traditional income statement would include gross margin.
Income in a traditional income statement: $300,000 –
$110,000 – ($70,000 + $45,000) = $75,000. The contribution
margin is $190,000 ($300,000 – ($60,000 + $10,000 +
$40,000)). Income in a contribution income statement is
$75,000 (=$190,000 – ($50,000 + $60,000 + $5,000)), which
is the contribution margin minus all fixed expenses. Income
computed under either method equals $75,000 because there
was no beginning or ending inventories.
13
Consider the following:
Which of the following statements about the companies is false?
A)The operating leverage for Company A is 6.
The operating leverage for Company B is more than that of Company
B)C.
C)The break-even point in sales dollars for Company C is $360,000.
D)The operating leverage for Company B is 5.
E)The operating leverage for Company B is 7.
Operating leverage is determined by dividing total
contribution margin by income. The operating leverage for
Company A is 6 (= $360,000/$60,000). The operating
leverage for Company B is 5 (= $200,000/$40,000); the
operating leverage for Company C is 2 (=
$360,000/$180,000). The break even point for Company C (in
sales dollars) is $180,000/50% = $360,000.
Consider the following:
Management is considering installing a new, automated manufacturing
process that will increase fixed costs by $50,000, and reduce variable
manufacturing costs by $3 per unit. Assume that management desires to
achieve a target profit of $70,000 with or without the acquisition of the
automated machine. If the automated machine is installed, what will be
the change in the number of units required to achieve the target profit?
A)6,667 unit increase
B)5,667 unit decrease
C)3,000 unit decrease
D)2,000 unit increase
E)3,333 unit decrease
Currently, the number of units required to earn the target
profit is 30,000 (($200,000 + $70,000)/$9). If the automated
machine is placed into service, the number of units required to
earn the target profit will be 26,667 (= ($250,000 +
$70,000)/$12). Change in units: 30,000 – 26,667 = 3,333
decrease in sales units.
Consider the following:
What will be (1) the increase or decrease in break-even units, and (2) the
increase or decrease in units necessary to achieve a target income of
$45,000 when changing from current conditions to advanced technology
in machinery and JIT implementation?
No change in break-even point; increase in sales volume to achieve
A)target income
Increase in break-even point; increase in sales volume to achieve
B)target income
No change in break-even point; decrease in sales volume to
C)achieve target income
Decrease in break-event point; decrease in sales volume to achieve
D)target income
E)None of the above
the break-even point is 10,000 units ($130,000/$13); and the
sales volume to achieve a target income of $45,000 is 13,462
units (= ($130,000 + $45,000) / $13).