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Writing in Science Catharine Driver EAL consultant [email protected] Workshop Objective Review exam writing requirements Introduce a teaching sequence for writing Try out ‘Dictogloss’ teaching strategy Consider implications for departments The Cummins Framework Cognitively demanding C Describing a science experiment while watching Writing an exam question CALP D Context reduced Context embedded Having a chat with friends Copying notes from board B BICS A Cognitively undemanding Register continuum What is it about ? everyday specialised technical Who is the audience ? informal known familiar formal unknown unfamiliar How shall I communicate ? spoken ‘here and now’ shared context written distant unseen context Foregrounding activity Respiration Respiration is the process by which human beings and other living things obtain and use oxygen. Except for certain micro-organisms, all living things require oxygen to live. Respiration may be divided into three phases: external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration. In external respiration, or breathing, a plant or animal takes in oxygen from its environment and releases carbon dioxide. For animals, external respiration occurs through the nose and mouth. Air is drawn into the lungs, passing through the mouth or nose and throat. In internal respiration, oxygen is carried to the cells of the organism and carbon dioxide is carried away from them. Internal respiration is based on "gaseous exchange”. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the blood and replaced with oxygen (O2). In cellular respiration, oxygen is used in chemical reactions within the cells. These reactions release energy and produce carbon dioxide and water as waste products. The chemical energy of "food" molecules is released during cellular respiration. To conclude, respiration is an essential process to sustain life, and all the different types of respiration – internal, external and cellular – consist of several stages. Relationships between sentences (Cohesion) Reference back Using pronouns: This, these, its, one…. the other. Using Connectives: Sequencing: in addition…, furthermore… Exemplifying: such as…, like…, for example… Cause and effect: therefore…,as a result…,so… Cohesion - using pronouns Digestion mainly takes place in the stomach and small intestine. But it begins in the mouth. As you chew an enzyme called amylase in your saliva starts to break down any starch into liquid glucose. Digested food is absorbed into the blood. Once the food is liquid, it can pass into the blood. This mainly happens in the small intestine. Its walls are lined with tiny blood vessels, which carry the food away. Undigested matter passes into the large intestine. Here most of its water is reabsorbed by the body. This leaves a semi-solid waste (faeces), which comes out of the anus when you go to the toilet. Verbs to Nouns - Nominalisation wear away (acid wears away metal) corrode (acid corrodes metal) corrosion (corrosion is caused by…) corrosive (the corrosive power of acid is...) The Heart and Circulation – Cloze prepositions missing The structures which blood flows through as it goes around the body make up the circulatory system. The main organ in the circulatory system is the heart which is situated between the lungs in the chest. The heart’s job is to pump blood around the body. The rest of the circulatory system consists of tubes called blood vessels. These are of two types: arteries carry blood away from the heart to the various organs and veins carry blood back from the organs to the heart. Within each organ the arteries and veins are connected by numerous very narrow blood vessels called capillaries. As blood flows through the capillaries, oxygen and other useful substances diffuse into the surrounding cells and unwanted substances diffuse in the other direction. Types of Key Words Concrete Nouns Names of things. Bone, skull, tendon, ligament Abstract Nouns Concepts and processes. May be invisible, need to be learnt in context Evaporation, condensation, pressure. Exam Writing requirements Continuous prose Use good English Organise information coherently Use specialist vocabulary accurately Handout sample question and mark scheme Which text types? Describe Explain Analyse Argue Evaluate Teaching Sequence for Writing Establish clear aims-what is the purpose? Provide examples of text type Explore the features of text Demonstrate how it is written Compose together Scaffold first attempts [writing frames] Develop independent writing GAPS Genre – Text in context Audience – who for? Purpose – what for? Structure – what patterns of language? a. b. c. Cause and effect Connectives Specialist vocabulary Explanation Text See also, technical terms Impersonal language Key Visual http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycle.html Writing Explanation activity The water cycle has no starting point. But this explanation begins in the oceans, since that is where most of Earth's water exists. The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in the oceans. Some of it evaporates as vapour into the air. Ice and snow can sublimate directly into water vapour. Rising air currents take the vapour up into the atmosphere, along with water from evapotranspiration, which is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. The vapour rises into the air where cooler temperatures cause it to condense into clouds. Air currents move clouds around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the sky as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. When spring arrives, the snow and ice thaw and the melted water flows overland as snowmelt. Most precipitation falls back into the oceans or onto land, where, due to gravity, the precipitation flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff, and ground-water seepage, accumulate and are stored as freshwater in lakes. Dictogloss Lesson plan handout Dodo Which species survives? Where did they go? Iguanodon Triceratops Why did they disappear? What do humans do? Extinction Dictogloss A species becomes extinct when there are no more animals of that species left. An extinct animal has gone forever. There are several causes of species extinction. They may be affected by new diseases or new predators. Changes in the physical environment, such as temperature or rainfall can also lead to extinction. In addition, competition from another species that is better adapted, can cause extinction. Dinosaurs became extinct millions of years ago. This was probably due to changes in the environment. But more recently many other species have become extinct because of competition from humans. Implications for my department Discussion