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TRANSGENDER & GENDER NON-CONFORMING 101 / 105 Michelle Enfield Red Circle Project at APLA Health & Wellness SEX VS. GENDER SEX Male • • • • • • • • Penis Testicles Scrotum Semen Vas deferens Prostate gland Urethra testosterone Female • • • • • • • • Vagina Clitoris Uterus Fallopian tube Ovaries Endometrium Cervix Estrogen (and testosterone) Sex: Refers strictly to the biological makeup of a male or a female. GENDER • • • • • • • • • Man/masculinity Woman/femininity Wears blue Aren’t supposed to cry Aggressive Tough Provider Brings home the bacon Studly Strong Go-getter • • • • • • • • • Wears pink Girly Emotional Soft spoken Caring Loving soft Cooks Loves shopping Gender: Personal traits and position in society connected with being a woman or man. INDIVIDUALISTIC VS. COMMUNALISTIC Western/American We all have a: Sex at Birth Female Woman Male Gender Identity Man Trans, Queer, Gender non-conforming Feminine Men Gender Expression Sexual Orientation Gay/heterosexual/Bisexual Masculine Women Native Communities We all have a: Sex at Birth Female Feminine Life-giver Cook Healer Male Gender Expression (appearance) Role in the community Masculine Hunter Butcher Haul wood Gender is developed in two ways: • Not only do we “do gender,” or participate in its construction, but we also have gender done to us as members of society. • Example: When little girls are told their fathers do not want tenderness from them, they are both doing gender to themselves and their dads, and having gender done to them. • “doing gender” not only “(re)produces gender difference, it (re)produces gender inequality” • through our conversations we pass on “different, asymmetrical assumptions about men and women” Tribal Language &Two Spirit Terminology Tribe Term Gender Crow Navajo boté nádleehí male male and female Lakota winkte male Zuni lhamana male Omaha mexoga male Two Spirit – Native LBGT • Two Spirit term refers to Native American/Alaska Native Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and some Transgender individuals (LGBT). • Came from the Anishinabe language. • It means having both feminine and masculine spirits within one person. • Has a different meaning in different communities. “Two Spirit” was adopted in 1990 at the 3rd International Native Gay & Lesbian Gathering in Winnipeg, Canada. • The term is used in rural and urban LGBT communities to describe the re-claiming of their traditional identity and roles. • The term refers to culturally prescribed spiritual and social roles; however, the term is not applicable to all tribes. • We’wha Transgender is an umbrella term used to describe individuals who experience their own sense of gender as different from the gender they were assigned at birth. It encompasses all nontraditional gender expressions, including but not limited to transsexual, cross-dresser, gender-bender, gender outlaw, gender queer, and drag king/queen Transgender encompasses varied gender identities, some transgender people wish to transition their gender presentation from the gender they were assigned at birth to a gender presentation that more closely matches their internal sense of self. Transsexuals often wish to make a gender transition to present themselves physically and socially as their preferred gender. Transgender identity development involves many stages, beginning with awareness of one’s own gender variance and progressing to integration, which may include transition from one gender to another AAMFT Code of Ethics Marriage and family therapists are defined by an enduring dedication to professional and ethical excellence, as well as the commitment to service, advocacy, and public participation. Marriage and family therapists also encourage public participation in the design and delivery of professional services and in the regulation of practitioners. Professional competence in these areas is essential to the character of the field, and to the well-being of clients and their communities. HARASSMENT AND DISCRIMINATION IN EDUCATION Those who expressed a transgender identity or gender non-conformity while in grades K-12 reported alarming rates of: Harassment (78%) Physical Assault (35%) Sexual Violence (12%) harassment was so severe that it led almost one-sixth (15%) to leave a school in K-12 settings or in higher education. EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION AND ECONOMIC INSECURITY • Unemployment: unemployment at twice the rate of the general population with rates for people of color up to four times the national unemployment rate. • 90% reported harassment, mistreatment or discrimination on the job or took actions like hiding who they are to avoid it. • 47% had adverse job outcome, such as being fired, not hired or denied a promotion • 71% hid their gender or gender transition • 57% delayed their gender transition. EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION AND ECONOMIC INSECURITY 78%, the vast majority, of those who transitioned from one gender to the other reported that they felt more comfortable at work and their job performance improved, despite high levels of mistreatment. HOUSING DISCRIMINATION AND HOMELESSNESS • 19% , one-fifth reported experiencing homelessness at some point in their lives because they were transgender or gender nonconforming. Of those trying to access a homeless shelter: • 55% were harassed by shelter staff or residents • 29% were turned away altogether • 22% were sexually assaulted by residents or staff. DISCRIMINATION IN PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS • 53% of respondents reported being verbally harassed or disrespected in a place of public accommodation, including hotels, restaurants, buses, airports and government agencies. • 22% were denied equal treatment by a government agency or official • 29% reported police harassment or disrespect • 12% had been denied equal treatment or harassed by judges or court officials. Executive Summary Increasing numbers of population-based surveys in the United States and across the world include questions that allow for an estimate of the size of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population. This research brief discusses challenges associated with collecting better information about the LGBT community and reviews eleven recent US and international surveys that ask sexual orientation or gender identity questions. The brief concludes with estimates of the size of the LGBT population in the United States. Key findings from the research brief are as follows: • An estimated 3.5% of adults in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual and an estimated 0.3% of adults are transgender. • This implies that there are approximately 9 million LGBT Americans, a figure roughly equivalent to the population of New Jersey. • Estimates of those who report any lifetime same-sex sexual behavior and any same-sex sexual attraction are substantially higher than estimates of those who identify as LGB. An estimated 19 million Americans (8.2%) report that they have engaged in same-sex sexual behavior and nearly 25.6 million Americans (11%) acknowledge at least some same-sex sexual attraction. -2007estimated transgender women = 4,400 -In the previous HIV Prevention Plan (2004‐2008), estimated = 10,000 -Statewide California consensus meeting incorrectly cited as a LAC estimate rather than a statewide estimate 7,213,883 *0.1% = 7,214 7,213,883 *0.2% = 14,428 7,213,883 *0.3% = 21,642 0.1% ‐ Must identify as a transgender man or woman 0.2% ‐ Must identify as a transgender man or woman, or identify with a gender different from gender at birth 0.3% ‐ Broad identification with a wide variety of cross‐gender behaviors and identities Stigmatization • A social process dependent upon power that nurtures and reproduces social inequalities – enacted stigma is characterized as incidents of discrimination (e.g., rejection, violence) – felt stigma refers to an internalization of stigma which manifests as the fear of experiencing some form of enacted stigma Barriers • • • • • Lack of knowledge Lack of comfort Lack of skills Lack of TG-friendly testing sites Lack of TG-specific programs that cover more than condom usage and negotiations • Public health intervention research has produced no culturally specific, evidence-based HIV prevention interventions for TG women and girls Homelessness • Many paths to losing stable housing: – relating to poverty, medical and mental disability, legal problems, or lack of a social or family safety net. • Homelessness and unmet medical and psychiatric needs are serious interrelated problems faced by the transgender population. • Homelessness raises people’s risk of having untreated medical, psychiatric, and substance use disorders. Homelessness • Homeless transgender clients are often excluded from shelter systems due to their gender nonconformity. Homelessness • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Poverty due to discrimination in employment and chronic under-employment Lack of economic/housing support from family—a safety net that many people can utilize during hard times Lack of education and training because of harassment or discrimination, which results in an inability to acquire jobs Inability to access standard healthcare due to discrimination by providers and other barriers Inability to pay for transgender-related healthcare such as hormones, counseling, and gender reassignment procedures (almost all transgender-related healthcare is not covered by insurance providers in the US) Substance abuse and addiction Discrimination by housing providers, landlords, etc. Discrimination by social service agencies Criminal record of all types of survival street crimes (drug trade, theft, sex work) to which a person turns when unable to earn a living through legal means HIV infection or other sexually transmitted acquired from survival sex work or other means Inability to meet “workfare” requirements due to discrimination at workfare sites Victimization from crime while living on the street or from crime targeting transgender people (hate crimes) For youth, being prohibited from making necessary decisions for themselves because of their age, such as living and dressing according to their gender identity Other forms of discrimination people may face, such as race, disability, or economic status discrimination Addiction • Difficulty accessing addiction treatment programs and healthcare more broadly • Barriers to addiction treatment for transgender persons are often rooted in stigma and include structural barriers (e.g., sex segregated housing) as well as treatment provider attitudes. • many treatment professionals report stigmatizing attitudes towards their LGBTQ clients and also lack knowledge of LGBTQ-related issues • Treatment providers working with LGBTQ individuals receive little if any education into the specific treatment needs of gender and sexual minorities • With limited training and understanding of transgender populations, treatment providers may contribute to barriers to addiction treatment, including stigmatizing attitudes. • Low levels of therapeutic support – Less honesty – Less connection – Less satisfaction Transgender individuals constitute less than 1% of the tests, but continue to have new positivity rates at least four times greater (5.4%) than men (1.2%). To request copies of this poster, please contact the NRCDV at 1-800-537-2238 or [email protected] Several NRCDV staff display this poster in their workspace as a symbol of their commitment to make our organization accessible to all. http://www.nrcdv.org/AccessInitiative/