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ENERGY EATING! When we eat, our food is broken down in our bodies to get energy out. Energy – The ability to do work Where does energy come from?? Food Energy in food comes from? SUN Chemical Energy • Living things use chemical energy. –ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy. ***All organisms must have ATP in order to function. ATP • ATP – The universal energy molecule for all cells. • ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate • A molecule made of 5 smaller molecules bonded together: – Adenine – Ribose – 3 phosphate groups How does ATP give cells energy? Energy is released by breaking the bonds. ENERGY!!! Energy Cycle • ADP (adenosine diphosphate) – consists of adenine, ribose, and 2 phosphate groups • Energy is continuously cycled in the biochemical pathway as ATP is converted to ADP and then ADP is converted into ATP. It is recharged ADP uses energy and gains an extra P and is recharged back to ATP ADP ATP Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Partially charged battery Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Fully charged battery ATP Summary • Energy is released when the phosphate bonds are broken. • Energy is stored (ATP rebuilt) when the phosphate bonds are formed. • ***All organisms must have ATP in order to function. Chemical Reactions are Always Occurring in Cells! • Reactants: Substances that are used during a chemical reaction. • Products: The substances made after a chemical reaction. • The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a cell is called the cell’s METABOLISM Energy is taken in, stored and used differently by different organisms • Light energy from the sun is used by plants to make glucose in a process called photosynthesis • Energy from glucose is used by organisms to make more energy in a process called cellular respiration. Plants and some other types of organisms are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. • Autotrophs: organisms that make their own food (Ex. Plants) • Heterotrophs: obtain energy from the food they consume (ex. People). Photosynthesis & The Leaf Overview • Who? plants • Where? chloroplast Photosynthesis ** If any of the reactants are missing photosynthesis will not occur. Pigments – capture light energy • Chlorophyll – the main pigment found in most producers. – Absorbs red and violet light; reflects greens and yellows. – Located in the chloroplasts of plants and algae – Other pigments reflect colors such as reds, yellows, and oranges (leaves and fruits) Inside the chloroplast • Thylakoids – membranes that contain chlorophyll and proteins that absorb light • Stroma: liquid portion inside chloroplast Two steps of photosynthesis 1. Light Dependent Reactions -Where? Thylakoid Membranes -What? Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll (excites electrons) and water is split by light. -Why? to provide ATP for step 2! Light Reactions The “photo” part! LIGHT WATER LIGHT REACTIONS Purpose: to take sunlight and turn it into chemical energy (ATP) Needs chlorophyll! ATP OXYGEN 2. Light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) (Dark reactions) -Where? stroma -What? Takes ATP from step 1 and CO2 and makes GLUCOSE! Calvin Cycle (Dark Reaction) The “synthesis” part CARBON DIOXIDE ATP Purpose: to take carbon dioxide and make glucose CALVIN CYCLE GLUCOSE CO2 H2O Light NADP+ ADP P i Light Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Chloroplast O2 [CH2O] (sugar) Photosynthesis (continued) CO2 Light Dependent 1._____________ REACTION NEED: Light / water PRODUCES: Oxygen / ATP H2O O2 Light Independent 2._____________ REACTION (Calvin Cycle) NEED: ATP / CO2 PRODUCES: glucose PURPOSE: PURPOSE: To change light To make glucose to chemical energy From ATP and ATP CO2 Photosynthesis • Who Plants • Where Chloroplast • Job – to make food and oxygen • Plants take in….water, carbon dioxide, sunlight • Plants put out….oxygen, glucose CO2 O2 Light H2O Sugar O2 H2O and minerals CO2 #1 Source of Energy = _____________ Cell Energy = _____________ “ ____________ ____________” Who Adenine Where Phosphate P P P Job to make __________+__________ Ribose Plants take in Plants put out Release Energy •. •. Store Energy •. •. •. Remove –P leaves A-P-P ADP Reactant (in) Product (out) Which has more Energy? ____________ WhyMade in the ____________________ Sun E Chem EFood E Sun #1 Source of Energy = _____________ ATP Cell Energy = _____________ Adenosine triphosphate “ ____________ ____________” Who Adenine Where Chloroplasts Phosphate P P Plants P food oxygen Job to make __________+__________ Ribose Release Energy Break bond Store Energy Make bond Plants take in Plants put out •. CO2 •. O2 •. H O 2 •. C H O 6 12 6 •. Remove –P leaves A-P-P Remove –P leaves A-P ADP AMP ATP Which has more Energy? ____________ Why- More P-P bonds mitochondria Made in the ____________________ Sun E Reactant (in) Product (out) 6CO2 + 6H20 + E 6O2 +C6H12O6 Sun E Chem EFood E Leaves and leaf parts Mesophyll • Ground tissue in leaves (meso = middle, phyll = leaf) • Contains chloroplasts Mesophyll Mesophyll Xylem and Phloem • Xylem – carries water • Phloem – carries nutrients Stomata (singular – stoma) • Tiny openings in the underside of the leaf – function – gas exchange! Guard Cells • Cells that open and close the stomata Fig. 36-16 Guard cells turgid/Stoma open Guard cells flaccid/Stoma closed (a) Changes in guard cell shape and stomatal opening and closing (surface view) Epidermis • Outer layer of leaf cells. Cuticle • Waxy covering of leaf Factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis • Amount of sunlight • Amount of water • Amount of carbon dioxide Chemosynthesis Chemosynthesis: The process by which some organisms, such as bacteria, produce energy through a chemical reaction. Ex. Organisms found near deep sea hydrothermal vents use hydrogen sulfide coming out of seafloor in vent fluids to create energy. Equation: Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis: CO2 + O2 + H2S → CH2O + S + H2O How do our bodies take food and make it into energy? What types of organisms undergo cellular respiration? Cellular respiration occurs in ALL living cells! What are some of the things that our body does that requires energy? Physical Activities •Running •Playing sports •Pumping our hearts Cellular Activities •Sending messages to our brain •Transporting molecules in and out of our cells Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration The process by which food (glucose) is broken down to produce ATP WHO?? ALL living organisms!! Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + E Aerobic – WITH OXYGEN! Fig. 9-6-1 Electrons carried via NADH Glycolysis Pyruvate Glucose Cytosol ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Fig. 9-6-2 Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Electrons carried via NADH Citric acid cycle Glycolysis Pyruvate Glucose Mitochondrion Cytosol ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Fig. 9-6-3 Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Electrons carried via NADH Citric acid cycle Glycolysis Pyruvate Glucose Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion Cytosol ATP ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation 1. GLYCOLYSIS • Glycolysis (“splitting of sugar”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm Glycolysis • Anaerobic – no oxygen • Glucose broken down to Pyruvic Acid • Uses 2 ATP, makes 4 ATP • Net ATP is 2 • Not very effective Fig. 9-UN5 Outputs Inputs 2 ATP Glycolysis + 2 NADH Glucose 2 Pyruvate After Glycolysis… •In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the mitochondrion 2. Citric Acid Cycle (AKA Kreb cycle) • Series of steps to modify the pyruvate and create ATP…in this process CO2 is released as waste. • 2 ATP made Fig. 9-11 Pyruvate CO2 NAD+ CoA 2. Citric Acid Cycle NADH + H+ Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Citric acid cycle FADH2 2 CO2 3 NAD+ 3 NADH FAD + 3 H+ ADP + P i ATP 3. The Electron Transport Chain •Electrons fall down a gradient and are used to create ATP •Produces 32 ATP So: AEROBIC RESPIRATION PRODUCES 36-38 ATP (very effective) Fig. 9-16 H+ H+ H+ H+ Protein complex of electron carriers Cyt c V Q ATP synthase FADH2 NADH 2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O FAD NAD+ ADP + P i (carrying electrons from food) ATP H+ 1 Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation 2 Chemiosmosis Fig. 9-UN7 INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ ATP synthase ADP + P i MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX ATP H+ Fig. 9-17 Electron shuttles span membrane CYTOSOL 2 NADH Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH or 2 FADH2 6 NADH 2 NADH 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 ATP Citric acid cycle + 2 ATP Maximum per glucose: About 36 or 38 ATP 2 FADH2 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis + about 32 or 34 ATP COMPARISON Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Food synthesized Food broken down Energy from the sun stored in glucose Oxygen given off Energy of glucose released Oxygen taken in Produces sugars from and oxygen Requires light Produces CO2 and H2O Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll and in the chloroplasts of plants Occurs in mitochondria of plants and animals Carbon Dioxide taken in Carbon dioxide given off Does not require light Anaerobic Respiration • Occurs when no oxygen is available • Also called FERMENTATION • Only produces 2-4 ATP Alcoholic Fermentation Glucose ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP • who?? YEAST used in beer brewing, wine making, and baking • Produces: Ethyl Alcohol and CO2 Fig. 9-18a 2 ADP + 2 P i Glucose 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 CO2 2 Acetaldehyde Lactic Acid Fermentation Glucose lactic acid + 2 ATP • Lactic acid fermentation by some bacteria is used to make yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce • Produces: soreness/pain in muscles Fig. 9-18b 2 ADP + 2 P i Glucose 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate (b) Lactic acid fermentation Glycolysis: Recap!! Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, it is the first stage of cellular respiration. Aerobic Process: Occurs after glycolysis in the presence of oxygen Anaerobic Process: Occurs after glycolysis without oxygen Aerobic Oxygen Anaerobic No oxygen Makes 36+ ATP Makes 0 ATP but 2 ATP (with the help of glycolysis) Breaking down Organic compounds to make ATP (energy) to be used by the cell. Enters the cell by Facilitated Diffusion 2 ATP (in) Occurs in the cytoplasm If NOT enough O2 (1st Step) 4 ATP(out) If enough O2 Breaking down Organic compounds to make ATP (energy) to be used by the cell. Enters the cell by Facilitated Diffusion C6H12O6 (glucose- organic compounds) 2 ATP (in) Glycolysis (1st Step) Occurs in the cytoplasm 4 ATP(out) If NOT enough O2 Pyruvic Acid If enough O2 Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Kreb Cycle CO2 CO2 Ethanol ETC Lactic Acid H2O Aerobic Anaerobic Where Job to make ________ IN OUT • • • • Also called ______ • Reactant (In) Lactic Acid Fermentation Product (Out) Notice: Alcoholic Fermentation CO2 O2 Food Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Aerobic oxygen Where mitochondria Makes 38 ATP Job to make ________ ATP IN OUT • O2 • CO2 • C6H12O6 • H2O Anaerobic No oxygen Makes 2-4 ATP Also called fermentation ______ • E-ATP Reactant (In) Lactic Acid Fermentation Glucose Energy + Lactic Acid Product (Out) 6O2 +C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H20 + E Notice: Products of Photosynthesis are reactants in Cellular Respiration CO2 Photosynthesis Alcoholic Fermentation Glucose Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy O2 Food Does not produce as much energy as aerobic Respiration Cellular Respiration Performed by yeast, utilized in the production of alcohol.