Download Prebiotics and Probiotics

The Effectiveness of Diet
in the Intervention of Dysbiosis
of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota
on Inflammatory Disease
among Adults
B Y CA MI LLE R E D MOND
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Let’s break that down
What is the microbiota?
• Microorganisms that live on and in the body
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Includes, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses
Consists of between 75 to 200 trillion individual organisms
Of 1,000 different species of microorganisms
May weigh up to 5 lbs
(Hair & Sharpe, 2014)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
https://studentaffairs.duke.edu/blog-entry/how-your-microbiota
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The function of the microbiota
• Vitamin synthesis
• Digestion of dietary fiber
• Regulation of inflammatory
responses
(Maslowski & Mackay, 2011)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
http://www.diapedia.org/type-1-diabetes-mellitus/2104723411/microbiome-and-type-1-diabetes
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Diet
• Effects the composition of the gut
microbiota
• Different human populations have
different microbiomes
• Contributes to the unique combination
of bacteria within an individual
(Flint, Duncan, Scott, & Louis, 2007)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
http://livinggreenmag.com/2014/02/25/food-health/heritagepyramids-cultural-cuisines-can-clean-diet/
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Diet and Beneficial Bacteria
• Complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, resistant starch
• Legumes, whole grains, vegetables
• Short chain fatty acids produced by fermentation
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Maintains epithelial barrier function
Diminished oxidative DNA damage
Regulates inflammation
Stimulates immune function
Anti-cancer properties
(Maslowski & Mackay, 2011)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
http://www.freeendlessinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/veggies_f.jpg
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Diet and Pathogenic Bacteria
• Refined foods
• Think white: flour, sugar, etc.
• Prepared/processed foods
• Convenience foods
• High Fat, protein rich
• Animal products
Produces toxic metabolites
triggering inflammatory responses
(Berg, Kelly, & Farraye, 2012;
Begley, Hill, & Gahan, 2006)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
http://www.cwmtafuhb.wales.nhs.uk/preventing-stroke
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Dysbiosis
• Proliferation of pathogenic bacteria
• Alters immune function and metabolic activity causing:
• Obesity
• Insulin resistance
• Fatty liver disease
• Produces a chronic inflammatory state
• Due to increase in bacterial antigens
(Amar et al, 2011)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
http://333oee3bik6e1t8q4y139009mcg.wpengine.netdnacdn.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/06/BacteriaOvergrowthChart.png
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Prebiotics and Probiotics
• Prebiotics
• Complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, resistant starch
• Legumes, whole grains, vegetables
• Probiotics
• Beneficial bacteria
• Yogurt, kefir, fermented vegetables, kombucha
Prebiotics and probiotics
may reverse dysbiosis
(Dore & Blottiere, 2015)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/MN-Fig-3.jpg
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Infancy
• Established through the birth process,
breast feeding, and the environment
• Impacts epigenetic programming of later
immunity and of regulation of genes
involved in lipid and carbohydrate
metabolism
• Reaches a stable microbial population by
3 years of age
(Yatsunenko et al, 2012)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
http://img.medicalxpress.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/2015/t
heinfantgut.jpg
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Elderly Over the Age of 65
• Malnutrition linked to physiological changes impacting
digestion and absorption
• Decreased taste and smell
• Swallowing difficulties
• Masticatory dysfunction
• Reduced intestinal motility altering fermentation
• Inflammaging
• Low grade chronic system inflammation
• Contributes to frailty, unhealthy aging, and degenerative disorders
(Salazar et al, 2014)
Retrieved December 8,
2015 from
http://www.nature.com/na
ture/journal/v492/n7427_su
pp/full/492S14a.html
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Future Research
• Relatively new area of nutritional science
• Prebiotics
• Effects on composition and function of microbiota
• Identify potential benefits on specific disease
conditions
• Further understanding of the composition,
function, and interactions between the
microbiota and the host
(Brownawell et al, 2012)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
http://www.thebluediamondgallery.com/pictures/resear
ch.jpg
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Education
• Understanding the relationship between the microbiota
and the host increases our knowledge of disease
• Eating a varied, high-fiber diet will support beneficial
bacteria
• Diet shapes the microbiota impacting health
(Giorgetti et al, 2015)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
http://www.thebluediamondgallery.com/pictures/ed
ucation.jpg
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Policy
• Prebiotics and probiotics
• Health claims not approved by FDA
• Nutrient content claims cannot be made because there is no daily value established
• Structure/function claims most common
(Brownawell et al, 2012)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
http://www.thebluediamondgallery.com/pictures/policy.jpg
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Intervention
• Prebiotics
• Complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, resistant starch
• Legumes, whole grains, vegetables
• Probiotics
• Beneficial bacteria
• Yogurt, kefir, fermented vegetables, kombucha
Individualized dietary plan
(Zhang et al, 2010)
Retrieved December 8, 2015 from
http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/108740/fmicb-05-00494HTML/image_m/fmicb-05-00494-g002.jpg
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References
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Amar, J., Chabo, C., Waget, A., Klopp, P., Vachoux, C., Bermudez-Humaran, L. G., … Burcelin, R. (2011). Intestinal mucosal adherence and
translocation of commensal bacteria at the early onset of type 2 diabetes: Molecular mechanisms and probiotic treatment. EMBO Molecular
Medicine, 3(9), 559-572.
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Begley, M., Hill, C., & Gahan, C. G. M. (2006). Bile sale hydrolase activity in probiotics. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(3), 17291738.
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Berg, A. M., Kelly, C. P., & Farraye, F. A. (2012). Clostridium difficile infection in the inflammatory bowel disease patient. Inflammatory Bowel
Disease, 19, 194-204.
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Brownawell, A. M., Caers, W., Gibson, G. R., Kendall, W. C., Lewis, K. D., Ringel, Y., & Slavin, J. L. (2012). Prebiotics and the health benefits of
fiber: Current regulatory status, future research, and goals. Journal of Nutrition, 142(5), 962-974.
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Dore, J. & Blottiere, H. (2015). The influence of diet on the gut microbiota and its consequences for health. Current Opinion in Biotechnology,
32, 195-199.
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Flint, H. J., Duncan, S. H., Scott, K. P., & Louis, P. (2007). Interactions and competition within the microbial community of the human colon: Links
between diet and health. Environmental Microbiology, 9(5), 1101–1111.
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Giorgetti, G., Brandimarte, G., Fabiocchi, F., Ricci, S., Flamini, P., Sandri G., … Tursi, A. (2015). Interactions between innate immunity, microbiota,
and probiotics. Journal of Immunology Research, 2015, 1-7.
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Hair, M. & Sharpe, J. (2014). Fast facts about the human microbiome. The Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health. Retrieved
December 8, 2015 from http://depts.washington.edu/ceeh/downloads/FF_Microbiome.pdf
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Maslowski, K. M. & Mackay, C. R. (2011). Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses. Nature Immunology, 12(1), 5-9.
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Salazar, N., Arboleya, S., Valdes, L., Stanton, C., Ross, P., Ruiz, L., … de los Reyes-Gavilan, C. G. (2014). The human intestinal microbiome at
extreme ages of life. Dietary intervention as a way to counteract alterations. Frontiers in Genetics, 5, 1-9.
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Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F. E., Manary, M. J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Contreras, M., … Gordon, J. I. (2012). Human gut microbiome
viewed across age and geography. Nature, 486(7402), 222-227.
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Zhang, C., Zhang, M., Wang, S., Han, R., Cao, Y., Hua, W., … Zhao, L. (2010). Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet
relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice. International Society for Microbial Ecology, 2010(4), 232-241.
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