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Tenses Revision Modals and regrets in the past Should / ought to + perfect infinitive Regret about something that should have happened in the past but didn’t o We should have warned them Shouldn’t / ought not to + perfect infinitive Regret about something that happened in the past, but shouldn’t have happened o I shouldn’t have trusted him Modals and Perfect Infinitive Used to describe actions that refer to the past o Helen is not at home. She might have gone to the library. Would Rather Expresses Preferences o I’d rather (not) go away this weekend. (Present / Future) o I’d rather have travelled by train. (Past) Wish / If only Wish / If only + Past Simple: expresses a wish about a present situation that we would like to be different. o I wish I had more free time If only I had more fee time! Wish / If only + could + infinitive: expresses regret about something we cannot do at present. o I wish you could help me. If only you could help me! Wish / If only + Past Perfect: expresses regret about something that happened in the past and we wish it could have been different. o I wish you had told us the truth. If only you had called earlier! About time It’s about / high time + Past Simple o It’s about time you tidied your room BUT: It’s time to go. Conditionals Revision ________________________________________________________________________ Zero Conditional If + Present Simple, Present Simple Fact: If you go abroad, you need to take your passport. Fact: I always have a headache if somebody smokes. 1. If you ____________ on a yellow line, you ___________ a ticket. (park, get) 2. If you ____________ in the sun too long, you __________sunburnt. (lie, get) ________________________________________________________________________ First Conditional If + Present Simple, will + V1 Possible: If I make a lot of money, I will have a better life. Probable: If he comes early, we will watch TV. 1. If I _________to London this weekend, I _________ shopping in Oxf. Street. (go, go) 2. If he ___________ time, he ___________you. (have, help) ________________________________________________________________________ Second Conditional If + Past Simple, would + V1 Imaginary: If I were a bird, I would fly away. (I am not a bird) Dream: I would buy a palace, if I had a lot of money. (I don’t have a lot of money now) Advice: If I were you, I would study more. (I am not you) 1. If I _____________ the lottery, I ____________ an aeroplane. (win, buy) 2. If I _____________ you , I ______________that pullover. (be, not buy) _______________________________________________________________________ Third Conditional If + Past Perfect, would + have + V3 Past: If I had gone to the wedding, I would have seen him. 1. If the pilot ___________more careful, we ________________. (be, not crash) 2. If Billy _____________, he __________________ the exam. (not cheat, not pass) _______________________________________________________________________ PASSIVE VOICE We form the Passive Voice with the verb BE in the appropriate tense or form + the past participle (VERB 3) of the main verb. Active Voice: Passive Voice: Subject Verb William Shakespeare wrote Macbeth was written Object Macbeth by William Shakespeare Present Simple: am / is / are + V3 ----- Hondas are made in Japan Past Simple: was / were + V3 ----- The letter was made from Dover Present Perfect: have / has been + V3 Past Perfect Simple: had been + V3 Future will: will be + V3 Present continuous: am / is / are + being + V3 Past Continuous: was / were + being + V3 Future Going to: am / is / are + going to + V3 Modal Verbs: modal + be + V3 Reported Speech Use to report what someone said. We normally move the tense a step backwards and adjust the pronouns or time words accordingly. Present Simple Past Simple Present Continuous Past Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Will would Can could May might Must had to This / that that / those Here there Now then Today / tonight that day / that night Yesterday the previous day / the day before Tomorrow the next day / the following day Last week the previous week Next week the following week