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Lesson 4.1: Forces in Earth’s Crust Stress Study Guide A force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume Key Idea: There are three kinds of stress that can occur in the crust. When stress builds up in rock, the rock breaks and creates a fault. This usually happens at a plate boundary. Divergent Boundary A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other Tension Stress that pulls and stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle Convergent Boundary A plate boundary where two plates move toward each other Transform Boundary A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions Compression Stress that squeezes rock together until it folds or breaks Normal Fault Reverse Fault A type of fault where the hanging wall slides downward; caused by tension in the crust A type of fault where the hanging wall slips upward; caused by compression in the crust Shearing Stress that pushes masses of rock in opposite directions in a sideways movement Strike-Slip Fault A type of fault in which rocks on either side move past each other in opposite directions with little up or down motion Key Idea: Forces of plate movement can change a flat plain into features, such as anticlines and synclines, folded mountains, fault –block mountains, and plateaus. Compression can fold Earth’s crust. These folds are called anticlines and synclines. o Anticlines-upward folds o Synclines- downward V shaped folds Collision of plates causes compression. o Compression from collision can form folded mountains Examples: Himalayas and Alps Tension can form fault-block mountains and valleys. Two normal faults cause the hanging walls to fall downward creating valleys. The block in between now stands higher, creating fault-block mountains. Forces in Earth’s crust can also push up large, flat blocks of rock. Plateau- A large landform that has a high elevation and a more or less flat surface