Download Unit 1-5 Exam Review

UNIT 1: GEOGRAHIC LITERACY
REVIEW
Geography 20F
February 2016
Type of Map Projection –
Mercator Projections
• A map projection that
gives true compass
bearings between points.
• A disadvantage of this
type of map is that it
distorts the size of land
masses.
– Countries near the equator
appear smaller than they
are while those closer to
the poles appear larger.
Type of Map Projection –
Winkel Tripel Projection
• This type of map is a
compromise between all
types of map distortion.
• It provides the best
balance between size,
shape, distance and
direction.
• It gives a realistic
representation of the
Earth.
Three Types of Maps
• General-Purpose Maps – many types of
information on one map.
• Thematic Maps – provide very specific
information about a place. They are easy to
read because only one type of information is
shown.
• Topographic Maps – use symbols to show a
variety of natural and human made features
Map Scale
• Scale – the scale of a map varies according to the
amount of detail required.
• Large scale maps show a large amount of detail
for a small area.
– Example – road or hiking maps
• Small scale maps show a small amount of detail
for a large area.
– Example – political, physical and economic maps
Map Skills
Map Skills
Prime Meridian
Greenwich, England - 0°
Longitude
International Date Line
Southeast Pacific Ocean
180° Longitude
Tropic of Cancer
23.5° N Latitude
Tropic of Capricorn
23.5° S Latitude
Equator
0° N Latitude
Map Knowledge
Map Knowledge
Map Knowledge
KNOW YOUR CANADIAN/NORTH
AMERICAN LAKES, RIVERS AND
LANDFORMS
Define Geography
1. Physical Geography:
2. The distribution and organization of physical
elements.
2. Human Geography:
The relationship between humans and their
environment.
Landform Processes
1. Plate tectonics:
1. the movement of large slabs of the earth’s crust on top of
mantel (fluid)
2. Folding:
1. The bending of the rock of the earth’s crust.
3. Faulting:
1. The fracturing in the Earth’s crust
4. Volcanism:
1. the movement of magma from one place to another
inside or as the lava surfaces.
5. Erosion & Weathering:
1. Wearing down of rock by running water, glaciers, wind ,
chemicals, freezing and thawing
Biomes
• “A biome is a major ecosystem spread over a
wide geographic area, characterized by certain
types of flora and fauna.”
Characterized by Three Factors:
1) Climate
2) Soils
3)Natural Vegetation
Types of World Climate Regions
1) Tropics
• The Tropics are located
between the Tropic of Cancer
and the Tropic of Capricorn
2) Subtropics
• The Subtropics lie between
the Tropic of Cancer and 30ºN
in the northern hemisphere
and the Tropic of Capricorn
and 30ºS in the southern
hemisphere.
Types of World Climate Regions
3) Temperate
• The Temperate zones lie
between 30ºN and the
Arctic Circle, and 30ºS and
the Antarctic Circle
4) Polar Circles
• The Polar Circles are
north of the Arctic Circle
and south of the Antarctic
Circle.
Ecozones in Canada
Earth Rotations and Revolutions
Earth Rotations and Revolutions
Be able to:
• Identify each season in
the Northern
Hemisphere
• Identify the date/name
of each event
• Identify which area of
the earth receives direct
sunlight
Unit 2: Natural Resources
Review
Geography 20F
Miss Warner
Definitions
• Resource: anything that serves human needs; any useful
material or assets
• Renewable Resource: if properly managed, will be used again
and again
• Non-renewable Resource: once used, cannot be used again
• Run-off: rain water that flows on the Earth’s surface
• Proven Resource: known to exist
• Probable Resource: 50% chance of being present
• Possible Resource: 10% chance of being present
• Recycled Resource: if collected, can be used again
List 7 basic Natural Resources
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Water
Fossil Fuels
Metallic Minerals
Non-Metallic Minerals
Air
Sun
Biotic Resources
Mining
Industry Importance:
–Types of mining
– Mining process
–Location
–Waste
–Positive and negative effects
–Environmental issues, land claims
3 main groups of Minerals
• Metallic Minerals – after refining yield metals
• Gold, Silver & Iron
• Fossil Fuels – Created from carbon deposits, burned
to provide energy
• Ex. Coal, Oil & Natural Gas
• Industrial or Non- Metallic Minerals – not metals or
fossil fuels
• Ex: asbestos, potash, gravel etc.
Different methods of mining
1. Strip Mining
• Horizontal layers to surface
• Coal & Oil Sands
2. Open Pit Mining
• Used to extract minerals
deep in the earth
• Iron Ore & Gold
3. Underground Mining
• Shaft & Tunnel system
• Ore Minerals
Define & Negative Effects
Tailings: waste materials produced during the
processing of metal ores
Chemicals used in the refining processes are present in
the tailings, and are often very poisonous.
Negative effects are mutations, loss of wildlife and
after these chemicals seep into the ground water or
water supplies
Major Mining Center
Only major mining center: Thompson, MB
Smelters: Thompson & Flin Flon
+ & - of Mining in MB
+
• Economy
• Jobs
• Environmental Damage
• Dependancy of town on mines
• Limited amounts to mine
Canada’s 7 forest regions
1. Boreal (Commercial)
2. Taiga
3. Montane Forest (Commercial)
4. Mixed Forest (Commercial)
5. West Coast Forest (Commercial)
6. Arctic
7. Prairies
Define
Commercial Forest
– Have trees that can be harvested for profit
Non-commercial Forest
– Have trees that are unlikley to be cut down and
used for industrial use
3 Main types of logging
1. Clear Cutting
• Fast & Cheap
• Takes all tress, leaving barren
landscape behind
2. Shelterwood Logging
• Clear-cutting only parts of an
old-growth forest
• Small groups of mature trees
left to repopulate the area
3. Selective Cutting
• Harvesting only mature trees
of desired type, size or
quality
• Less disruptive to forest
Sun, Air and Water
• Wetlands: swamp, marsh and bogs; places where the water table
is above ground level
• Drainage Basins: area drained by a river and its tributaries
• Watershed: an area of high land that separates one drainage
basin from another
• Water Table: top of the soil zone in which all pore spaces are
filled with water “saturated zone”
• Instream Use: use of water without removing it from its source
for activities  hydro
• Withdrawl Use: water that is permanently removed from a river
for consumption in homes, industries, agriculture and business
Types of water pollution
1. Biological Pollutants:
- bacteria, parasites and
viruses
2. Chemical Pollutants:
- Industrial run off
- Fertilizers, Insecticide,
Pesticides etc..
3. Physical Pollutants:
- sediment and heat
Environmental issues: ground
water contamination
Toxic chemical seepage
How oil & gas are formed / located
Located
• Looking for rocks on the surface that contain
traces of oil
• Searching for clues like fossils, that indicate the
correct conditions
• Geologic records from drill cores
• Seismic surveys which locate fuel bearing rocks
Define
• Anticlinal Traps:
• is created by the upfolding of rocks, similar to
an arch. Oil moves to the highest point in this
arch's dome and then comes to rest
Bitumen: in oil sands deposits, each grain of sand
is covered by a layer of water and a heavy oil or
black tar
–Is processed into synthetic crude oil
Where are the majority of gas & oil
reserves
• Alberta
• SK & BC have significant reserves as well
• Most production comes from the western part of the
Boreal Plains and Prairie Ecozones
3 possible outcomes of drilling
1. No oil or gas is found & the “dry hole” is
abandoned
2. Oil & Gas found but the amount is not significant
enough to justify the cost to move the well
• Well is plugged and re-evaluated later
3. Deposits is large enough to develop
+ & - of Oil & Gas in MB
+
• Economy
• Jobs
• Environmental Damage
• Dependency of provinces for jobs and
economy
• Limited amounts of proven reserves
Energy
Alternative forms of energy:
– Hydro
– Nuclear
– Geothermal
– Wind
– Solar
– Marine
– Biomass
– Fossil Fuels
– Know 1 Pro and 1 Con
UNIT 3: Exam Review
Geography 20F
February 2016
History of Agriculture
• Improvements Made:
– From Nomadic Hunters and Gatherers
– Small settlements with planted crops and
“domesticated” livestock
– Existence Farming
– Technological Advances & Today’s Farming
History of Agriculture
• Famine: A temporary situation in which a country or
region does not have enough available food to feed its
population
• Starvation: An extreme form of hunger in which people
suffer from a serious, or total, lack of energy and
essential vitamins and minerals.
• Malnutrition: A condition in which health is damaged
by an unbalanced diet that includes either too much or
too little of one or more essential nutrients over an
extended period.
Arable Land
• The area of land that is suitable for agricultural use
across the globe including fertile soils, pastures &
forests.
– Land that can be cultivated
Human Influences of Arable Land
•
•
•
•
•
We need food from the land
As cities grow (urbanization) land for farming is limited.
Population increase puts more demand on the land.
Less fresh food (food in general).
Climate change will cause agricultural areas to change.
Natural Systems
• Agriculture depends on the interaction of a
number of natural systems:
1. Climate – amount of solar energy (heat)
and moisture
2. Soil – how fertile the soil is depends on
how much humus is present. This is
effected by moisture.
3. Topography – level land is generally best
for farming
4. Biology – some organisms are highly
beneficial to farming.
• Example, earthworms, bees. Other are very
harmful. Example, weeds, BSE,
grasshoppers
Perfect Farming Conditions
• There are very few areas that have the perfect
combination for farming:
① long growing season
② the right amount of moisture
③ rich soils
④ level land
⑤ right biological conditions
How do we correct Land Deficiencies?
①Irrigation
②Pesticides
③Fertilizer
④Larger Equipment
⑤New seed varieties
Different Types of Agriculture
① Subsistence Farms
• Grow crops and raise livestock to meet the
immediate needs of their families. They produce
many different products, often on small farms
② Cash-crop Farmers
• The produce is sold in local and world markets.
They specialize in producing only a few products
on a large farm. They may not use any of the
products they grow or raise,
Different Types of Agriculture
① Intensive farming
• Farming a small amount of land with the use
of large amounts of labour and capital ($$).
Example – fruit and vegetable growing,
vineyards, hog factory farms
②Extensive farming
• large amounts of land with limited amounts
of labour and capital.
Examples – grain, ranches
The Business of Farming
• There are less people involved in agriculture because:
– high risks
– costs associated with mechanization
– long hours that are needed to make farming successful
This is called Agribusiness.
These companies can be divided into two types:
1) Co-operatives: a number of farmers get together and pool their
resources and share the revenues that the farm products bring
in.
2) Private/Public: Farmers may own their own land but all product
that is grown/raised is owned by a large company.
Damaging the Land
• The MOST important agricultural resource is soil.
– Over the past century much of our soil has been damaged by
poor farming practices.
– Some of these harmful practices include:
1. Leaching:
» Due to excessive irrigation (too much watering)
2. The Overuse of Heavy Equipment
» Compacts the soil so much that it loses its ability to
hold the air and water that the plants need to grow.
3. Chemical Damage
» Soils become contaminated with salts or chemicals
from spraying
4. Erosion
» The removal of trees and ground cover exposes the
topsoil to wind and water.
Sustainable Agriculture
• Sustainable Agriculture: is agricultural production that
can be maintained without harming the environment.
• There are a number of practices that help farmers
obtain this goal:
1. Large, lightweight tires that do not damage the
wet soil are available to farmers
2. Using natural fertilizers for controlling weeds and
pests
3. Proper cultivation practices such as crop rotation
improve soil fertility
Loss of Farm Land
• Loss of Farmland: most of Canada’s best farmland is
located within 80 km of the 23 largest cities.
– Due to this fact as these cities expand the take up the
farmland and convert it to parking lots, residential areas,
industrial parks, etc.
** Urban Sprawl
& Urbanization**
Controversial Topcs
1. GMO’s
– Genetically Modified Organisms
2. Factory Farms
– Food Inc.
– Quantity over Quality!
3. Organic Foods
– Grown with no chemicals, free range, anti steroids
– Quality over Quantity!
* Know ONE of these topics well and be able to use
EVIDENCE to back up your opinions and statements.
UNIT 4 Review
Industry & Trade
Geography 20F
2016
Levels of Industry
• Primary  Raw material extraction
• Secondary  Processing of raw material into finished
products
• Tertiary  Service Sectors
• Quaternary  Government, Research and
Development & Higher Education
• Quinary  Highest level of decision making
Basic vs. Non Basic
• Basic: Industry that sells its products outside the
community, bringing money into the
community
– Example: Mine  supports local economy
• Non-Basic: Industry that sells its products within
the community; it does not bring money into the
community
– Example: Chef in Restaurant  recycles money
within the community. Doesn’t bring new
money in.
Primary vs Secondary Manufacturing
• Primary Manufacturing: taking a raw material
extracted by primary industry and manufacture it
into a useable material that can be manufactured
into something else.
– Example: iron, ore, coal  steel
• Secondary Manufacturing: using a manufactured
product to manufacture a new product.
– Example: steel  cars
Location Factors
①
Know the factors and be able to explain why a certain
industry is situated where it is
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Availability of Raw Materials
Location of Markets
Availability of Fresh Water & Power
Labour Supply
Transportation
Political Factors
Circumstances
Manufacturing
– Define GDP: total value of goods and services
produced within a country per person.
– Which Province has the highest % of
manufacturing
• Ontario
– How large of an employer is Canada’s
Manufacturing industry
• 3rd Largest Employer in Canada
– Winnipeg’s Industrial Activity
• Manufacturing & Transportation
Canada’s Trade
Imports: product brought into a country from another
Exports: products or services produced in once country for sale
in another country
Trade Surplus: when the number of exports exceeds the
number of imports
– Ie) more money is brought in then we spent
Trade Deficit: When the number of imports exceeds the
number of exports.
Ie) more money is spent than is brought in
Canada’s Trade
Tariffs: A tax that is paid when a product moves from one
country to another
Trade of Service: such as business services, travel or
transportation services and corporation services also occur.
Trade of Goods: the trade of items or products that are
produced in one country and sold in another
Fair Trade: Trade that is considered fair because it respects
workers' rights and minimizes environmental damage.
Free Trade
• Free Trade: Free trade is the government policy of
eliminating tariffs and other laws that are designed to
restrict trade.
History of Free Trade
o After WWII, majoring trading countries realized that
they needs to avoid trade protection that had resulted
in the The Great Depression
o To prevent another Depression they agreed to the
General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade or the GATT.
Free Trade
• The GATT came into effect in 1947 and now
includes more than 120 countries.
• Its main job was to reduce trade barriers,
tariffs and taxes on imports and exports
Developed vs. Developing Nations
• Developed Nation: “more economically developed
country”
• is a country that has that has a highly developed
economy and advanced technological infrastructure
Ex. USA, Great Britain, France
• Developing Nation: A nation where the average income
is much lower than in industrial nations, where the
economy relies on a few export crops, and where
farming is conducted by primitive methods.
Ex. Mexico, South America
Globalization
• * Globalization is also used to describe a set of beliefs that
promotes a sense of connectedness with other countries,
ethnic groups, business and essentially the rest of the world.
Features of Globalization
①Growth of Multinational Companies
① Reduction of Trade Barriers
②Spread of Ideas and Technology
Advantages of Globalization
①Reducing Poverty
②Promote International Peace
③Equality
Disadvantages of Globalization
① Has the potential for powerful nations to take
advantage of weaker ones.
② Spread of Ideas and Goods that are dangerous
③ 3. Decisions about movement of goods & services are
made at an international level
Unit 5: Urban Places Review
Geography 20F
Final Exam 2016
Population Categories
• Remote: Areas located far from the main centers of
population and society.
– A small portion of Canada’s settlements are still considered remote
because they are located in isolated regions, often in the North.
• Rural: Areas which are located outside of towns and
cities.
– Approximately one out of every five Canadians lives in a rural
settlement.
• Urban: Towns or cities of 10000 or more people.
– The majority of Canada’s population lives in an urban centre.
Urban Sprawl
• The spreading of a city and its
suburbs over rural land at the
fringe of an urban area
• “Growth Without A Plan”
Characteristics of Urban Sprawl
① Low population density
– High % of single family homes
② Buildings further from each other
– Often separated by lawns, landscaping, roads,
parking lots
③ Single-use zoning
– Commercial, residential, and industrial zones
separate from one another
Reasons for Urban Sprawl
①Consumer Preference
– Less noise, more privacy
– Belief in less crime and better schools
②Freedom
– The further from neighbors, more freedoms one has
• Example: Volume of Music, amount of pets, etc.
③Lower Population Density
④‘White Flight’
– a trend wherein whites flee urban communities as the
minority population increases, and move to other places
like commuter towns
Solutions to Sprawl
• Smart Growth – the efficient use and conservation of
land and other resources.
– Urban planning and transportation theory that promotes
growth in the center of a city to avoid urban sprawl
• Characteristics
–
–
–
–
Compact Neighborhoods
Access to public transportation
Pedestrian/ Biking-friendly design
Walkability score