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AP Music Theory Elements of Music: Pitch IB and AP This class will get you through the material you will need to accurately analyze a piece of music in the IB Curriculum especially in Form and Harmony Please take a moment to read the Syllabus and the Course Planner on Moodle Please find the Sight Singing Exercises on Moodle as well Please pay your class fee of $45.00 by Friday ONLINE If you have questions about anything email me at [email protected] Keyboard and Octave Registers Pitch refers to highness or lowness of a sound Names for the first 7 letters of the alphabet (ABCDEFG) C- is the note that we will relate to the keyboard 7 ¼ octaves on a standard keyboard from A-0 to C-8 From any C up to the next C is called an octave All the notes from one C to another are part of the same octave register Keyboard Notation on a Staff A staff is used to indicate the precise pitch desired Contains 5 lines and 4 spaces Can be indefinitely extended with ledger lines A clef associates certain pitches with the lines and spaces: G-Clef – Treble F Clef – Bass Clef C-Clef – Alto or Tenor clef (it is movable) A Grand staff is a combination of the Treble and bass clef Clef Signs The Major Scale Scales form the basis of tonal music The major scale is a pattern of half and whole steps encompassing an octave Half step is the distance from one key to the next key either black or white Natural half step is between B and C and E and F Whole steps skip the next key to the next key white or black Tetrachords and Accidentals Tetrachords – four note patern of 1 - 1- ½ A Major scale is made up of two tetrachords with a whole step in the middle Accidentals – symbols that raises or lowers a note Accidentals are written to the left of the note and are vocalized after the note Accidentals Major Key Signatures Key – the term that is used to identify the first degree of a scale Key Signature – is a pattern of sharps or flats that appear at the beginning of a staff and indicates that certain notes are to be raised or lowered consistently Sharps – G, D, A, E B F# C# Flats – F Bb Eb Ab Db Gb Cb Key Signatures Other Key Signature Info Order of sharps – FCGDAEB Order of Flats – BEADGCF Enharmonic – Notes that are spelled differently but sound the same Transposition – to write or play music in some key other than the original Circle of Fifths – follows the order of sharps in a clockwise motion around a circle Circle of Fifths Minor Scales Natural minor scales – like a major scale with a lowered, 3rd, 6th, and 7th degree Harmonic Minor scale – thought of as a major scale with a lowered 3rd and 6th degree Melodic minor scale – ascending form is like a major scale with a lowered 3rd degree, the descending form is the same as the natural minor scale Natural Minor Scales Minor Key Signatures Relative – share the same key signature Parallel – share the same letter name only We base the minor key signature on the major key signature but take the name of the 6th scale degree Relatively speaking – C major and A minor share the same key signature To create harmonic or melodic you must use accidentals Scale Degree Names All scales have scale degree names 1st – Tonic 2nd – Supertonic 3rd – Mediant 4th – Subdominant 5th – Dominant 6th – Submediant 7th – Subtonic or leading tone – depends on whether it is raised Intervals Interval – a measurement of the distance in pitch between two notes Harmonic Interval – performing the two notes at the same time Melodic Interval – performing the two notes successively Intervals 2 Two parts of an interval name Numerical name – how far apart they are Unison instead of 1 Octave instead of 8 2nd instead of two 3rd instead of three Interval smaller than an octave are called simple intervals Intervals larger than an octave are called compound intervals Modifier – Perfect, Major, Minor, augmented and mininished Intervals Modifiers Perfect refers only to the Unison (P1), Octave (P8), the 4th (P4), and the 5th (P5) Major or Minor refers to the 2nd (M2,m2), 3rd (M3, m3), 6th (M6,m6), and 7th (M7, m7) Augmented – a major or perfect interval that is expanded by ½ step Diminished – a minor or perfect interval that is contracted by ½ step Natural Interval Chart Natural Interval Quality Chart 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th C-D Maj C-E Maj C-F P C-G P C-A Maj C-B Maj D-E Maj D-F min D-G P D-A P D-B Maj D-C min E-F min E-G min E-A P E-B P E-C min E-D min F-G Maj F-A Maj F-B AUG F-C P F-D Maj F-E Maj G-A Maj G-B Maj G-C P G-D P G-E Maj G-F min A-B Maj A-C min A-D P A-E P A-F min A-G min B-C min B-D min B-E P B-F DIM B-G min B-A min 2nds on E and B are Minor 3rds on C,F,G are Major 4th on F are Augmented 5ths on B are diminished 6ths on E,A,B are minor 7ths on C, F are Major Inversions of Intervals Inversion – putting the top note below the lower note of an interval 2nd becomes a 7th and the reverse 3rd becomes a 6th and the reverse 4th becomes a 5th and the reverse The Modifier changes as well when inverted Minor becomes Major and vise-versa Augmented becomes diminished and vice-versa Perfect is always perfect Consonant and Dissonant Consonant – pleasing to the ear – 3rd, 6th, perfect 5th and octave Dissonant – not pleasing to the ear Ear Training/ Sight Singing Go to: www.musictheory.net Begin practicing on Note Identification in all clefs Key signature Identification Major and Minor Interval Identification in all keys with modifiers Practice Sight Singing Exercise 1 on Moodle Daily Homework Sing & Play on a keyboard anything discussed or worked on in class. Practice sightsinging from the AP Music Theory and Choir Resources webpages on the Somerset Academy website under my name. Always work in your workbook AHEAD of the lessons the class is on so that you have questions when we go over it.