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-By
V.Gouthaman
INTRODUCTION
The term "Web 2.0" is commonly associated with web
applications that facilitate interactive information sharing,
interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration on
the World Wide Web. A Web 2.0 site allows its users to
interact with each other as contributors to the website's
content, in contrast to websites where users are limited to
the passive viewing of information that is provided to them.
Examples of Web 2.0 include web-based communities,
hosted services, web applications, social-networking sites,
video-sharing sites, wikis, blogs, mashups, and folksonomies.
The term is closely associated with Tim O'Reilly because of
the O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference in 2004. Although
the term suggests a new version of the World Wide Web, it
does not refer to an update to any technical specifications,
but rather to cumulative changes in the ways software
developers and end-users use the Web. Whether Web 2.0 is
qualitatively different from prior web technologies has been
challenged by World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee,
who called the term a "piece of jargon" — precisely
because he specifically intended the Web to embody these
values in the first place.
TAXONOMY
CREATING
Generating/creating new ideas, products, or ways of
viewing things (Putting together/combining ideas,
concepts or elements to develop/construct/build an
original idea or engage/stimulate in creative thinking).
Designing Constructing Planning Producing Inventing
Devising Making Building programming, filming,
animating, Blogging, Video blogging, mixing, remixing,
wiki-ing, publishing, videocasting, podcasting,
directing/producing
Breaking information into parts/components to
explore/develop/construct understandings and
relationships (Breaking information down into
its component elements).
Comparing Organising Deconstructing
Attributing Outlining Structuring Integrating,
Mashing, linking, reverse-engineering, cracking,
mind-mapping, validating
APPLYING
Using information, concepts and ideas in
another familiar situation (Using strategies,
concepts, principles and theories in new
situations).
Implementing Carrying out Using Executing
Doing, running, loading, playing, operating,
hacking, uploading, sharing, editing, Wiki editing
UNDERSTANDING
Explaining/defining ideas or concepts
(Understanding of given information)
Interpreting Exemplifying Summarising Inferring
Paraphrasing Classifying Comparing Explaining,
Advanced searches, boolean searches, blog
journalling, twittering, categorising and tagging,
commenting, annotating, subscribing
REMEMBERING
Recalling specific information (Recall or
recognition of specific information).
Recognising Listing Describing Identifying
Retrieving Naming Locating/Finding, Bullet
pointing, highlighting, bookmarking, social
networking, Social bookmarking,
favouriting/local bookmarking, Searching,
googling,
FOLKSONOMY
It Allows you to map your own path through the web
by marking links with tag keywords of your choice – like the
bookmarking system in browsers, or files on your PC. This
means you can return to the pages you like at a later date.
Tagging services such as del.icio.us let you see what others
have tagged and which links are popular for certain tags. In
theory, as more people bookmark more links, it should
produce an online user-generated taxonomy of web
content. Although there is some debate over how effective
this system is, various studies have shown personal tags do
have a public utility.
Folksonomies have taken on features of a network as
they have developed. Communities have both adopted and
been created within folksonomies. The networks created as
a secondary use of folksonomies provide excellent ways to
search for specialized material. Since knowledge and
understanding are products of the social situation they are
used it, folksonomy networks of
people who share similar interests all tag according to a
shared vocabulary and meaning system. Searching within
such networks should give an individual more tailored
results than searches whose rankings are based on the Web
as a whole
RSS
(Really Simple
Syndication)
RSS (most commonly expanded as Really Simple Syndication) is
a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated
works - such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video in a standardized format. An RSS document (which is called a
"feed", "web feed", or "channel") includes full or summarized
text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and authorship.
Web feeds benefit publishers by letting them syndicate content
automatically. They benefit readers who want to subscribe to
timely updates from favored websites or to aggregate feeds from
many sites into one place. RSS feeds can be read using software
called an "RSS reader", "feed reader", or "aggregator", which can
be web-based, desktop-based, or mobile-device-based. A
standardized XML file format allows the information to be
published once and viewed by many different programs.
The user subscribes to a feed by entering into the reader
the feed's URI or by clicking an RSS icon in a web browser
that initiates the subscription process. The RSS reader
checks the user's subscribed feeds regularly for new work,
downloads any updates that it finds, and provides a user
interface to monitor and read the feeds.
RSS formats are specified using XML, a generic specification
for the creation of data formats. Although RSS formats have
evolved from as early as March 1999, it was between 2005
and 2006 when RSS gained widespread use, and the icon
was decided upon by several major Web browsers.
ATOM
The name Atom applies to a pair of related standards. The
Atom Syndication Format is an XML language used for web
feeds, while the Atom Publishing Protocol (AtomPub or APP) is a
simple HTTP-based protocol for creating and updating web
resources.
Web feeds allow software programs to check for updates
published on a website. To provide a web feed, a site owner may
use specialized software (such as a content management system)
that publishes a list (or "feed") of recent articles or content in a
standardized, machine-readable format. The feed can then be
downloaded by websites that syndicate content from the feed,
or by feed reader programs that allow Internet users to
subscribe to feeds and view their content.
A feed contains entries, which may be headlines,
full-text articles, excerpts, summaries, and/or links to
content on a website, along with various metadata.
The Atom format was developed as an alternative to
RSS. Ben Trott, an advocate of the new format that became
Atom, believed that RSS had limitations and flaws—such as
lack of on-going innovation and its necessity to remain
backward compatible— and that there were advantages to
a fresh design. Proponents of the new format formed the
IETF Atom Publishing Format and Protocol Workgroup.
ATOM COMPARED TO RSS 2.0
When Atom emerged as a format intended to rival or
replace RSS, CNET described the motivation of its creators
as follows: "Winer's opponents are seeking a new format
that would clarify RSS ambiguities, consolidate its multiple
versions, expand its capabilities, and fall under the auspices
of a traditional standards organization.“
A brief description of some of the ways Atom 1.0
differs from RSS 2.0 has been given by Tim Bray, who played
a major role in the creation of Atom.
Content model
RSS 2.0 may contain either plain text or escaped HTML
as a payload, with no way to indicate which of the two is
provided. Atom, on the other hand, provides a mechanism
to explicitly and unambiguously label the type of content
being provided by the entry, and allows for a broad variety
of payload types including plain text, escaped HTML,
XHTML, XML, Base64-encoded binary, and references to
external content such as documents, video, audio streams,
and so forth.
Date formats
The RSS 2.0 specification relies on the use of
RFC 822 formatted timestamps to communicate
information about when items in the feed were
created and last updated. The Atom working
group chose instead to use timestamps
formatted according to the rules specified by
RFC 3339 (which is a subset of ISO 8601).
Internationalization
While the RSS vocabulary has a mechanism to indicate a human
language for the feed, there is no way to specify a language for
individual items or text elements. Atom, on the other hand, uses the
standard xml:lang attribute to make it possible to specify a language
context for every piece of human readable content in the feed.
Atom also differs from RSS in that it supports the use of
Internationalized Resource Identifiers, which allow links to resources
and unique identifiers to contain characters outside the US ASCII
character set.
Modularity
The elements of the RSS vocabulary are not
generally reusable in other XML vocabularies. The Atom
syntax was specifically designed to allow elements to
be reused outside the context of an Atom feed
document. For instance, it is not uncommon to find
atom:link elements being used within RSS 2.0 feeds.
Example of an Atom 1.0 feed
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
<title>Example Feed</title>
<subtitle>A subtitle.</subtitle>
<link href="http://example.org/feed/" rel="self" />
<link href="http://example.org/" />
<id>urn:uuid:60a76c80-d399-11d9-b91C-0003939e0af6</id>
<updated>2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</updated>
<author>
<name>John Doe</name>
<email>[email protected]</email>
</author>
<entry>
<title>Atom-Powered Robots Run Amok</title>
<link href="http://example.org/2003/12/13/atom03" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html"
href="http://example.org/2003/12/13/atom03.html"/>
<link rel="edit" href="http://example.org/2003/12/13/atom03/edit"/>
<id>urn:uuid:1225c695-cfb8-4ebb-aaaa-80da344efa6a</id>
<updated>2003-12-13T18:30:02Z</updated>
<summary>Some text.</summary>
</entry>
</feed>
WYSIWYG
WYSIWYG is an acronym for What You See
Is What You Get. The term is used in computing
to describe a system in which content displayed
during editing appears very similar to the final
output, which might be a printed document,
web page, slide presentation or even the lighting
for a theatrical event.
WYSIWYG implies a user interface that allows the user to view
something very similar to the end result while the document is
being created. In general WYSIWYG implies the ability to directly
manipulate the layout of a document without having to type or
remember names of layout commands. The actual meaning
depends on the user's perspective, e.g.
In Presentation programs, Compound documents and web
pages, WYSIWYG means the display precisely represents the
appearance of the page displayed to the end-user, but does not
necessarily reflect how the page will be printed unless the
printer is specifically matched to the editing program, as it was
with the Xerox Star and early versions of the Apple Macintosh.
In Word Processing and Desktop Publishing
applications, WYSIWYG means the display simulates the
appearance and precisely represents the effect of fonts
and line breaks on the final pagination using a specific
printer configuration, so that a citation on page 1 of a
500-page document can accurately refer to a reference
three hundred pages later.
WYSIWYG also describes ways to manipulate 3D
models in Stereochemistry, Computer-aided design, 3D
computer graphics and is the brand name of Cast
Software's lighting design tool used in the theatre
industry for pre-visualisation of shows.
Modern software does a good job of optimizing
the screen display for a particular type of output. For
example, a word processor is optimized for output to a
typical printer. The software often emulates the
resolution of the printer in order to get as close as
possible to WYSIWYG. However, that is not the main
attraction of WYSIWYG, which is the ability of the user
to be able to visualize what he or she is producing.
In many situations, the subtle differences between
what you see and what you get are unimportant. In
fact, applications may offer multiple WYSIWYG modes
with different levels of "realism," including
A composition mode, in which the user sees something
somewhat similar to the end result, but with additional
information useful while composing, such as section breaks and
non-printing characters, and uses a layout that is more
conducive to composing than to layout.
A layout mode, in which the user sees something very similar to
the end result, but with some additional information useful in
ensuring that elements are properly aligned and spaced, such as
margin lines.
A preview mode, in which the application attempts to present a
representation that is as close to the final result as possible.
Applications may deliberately deviate or offer alternative
composing layouts from a WYSIWYG because of overhead or the
user's preference to enter commands or code directly.