Download Byzantine and Mongol Empires

Eastern Civilizations
• Standard: Analyze the importance of the
Byzantine and Mongol empires between 450
CE and 1500 CE.
• Essential Question: What was the importance
of the Byzantine and Mongol empires
between 450 and 1500 CE?
Justinian and Theodora
• Element: Analyze the importance of Justinian,
include the influence of the Empress
Theodora, Justinian’s Code, and Justinian’s
efforts to recapture the west.
• Vocabulary: Byzantine Empire, Justinian,
Empress Theodora, Justinian’s Code
Byzantine Empire
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fifth century
Germanic tribes moved into Europe
the western Roman Empire collapse
the Eastern Roman Empire continued to exist
capital at Constantinople
A mosaic of Justinian
• Mosaic: a picture or
decoration made of
small usually colored
pieces of stone or glass,
used often to decorate
Byzantine churches and
buildings
Emperor Justinian
• became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in
527
• launched a public building program
• building church’s was the emperor’s passion
Nika Rebellion
• AD 532
• two groups became disorderly in the
Hippodrome
• sparked a city wide riot
• because of anger towards the government
The Hippodrome
The Hippodrome today and a map
Nika Rebellion
• Justinian wanted to flee
• Theodora
– Wife of Justinian
– urged him to stay
– obtained the role of his
advisor thus creating
immense power
Nika Rebellion
• Belisarius broke in with his troops and
slaughtered about 30,000 rebels
Empress Theodora
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lived a poor life
worked as an actress
she met and married Justinian
became most powerful woman in Byzantine
history
• As the Empress she played a large role by
advising and encouraging Justinian, and by
helping him run the empire
A page from Justinian’s Code
The code is now
commonly referred to as
the Corpus Juris Civilis
or “Body of Civil Law”
Justinian’s Law Code
Made up of 4 parts:
• The Code: contained nearly 5,000 Roman laws
• The Digest: quotes and opinions from famous
Roman legal thinkers
• The Institutes: a textbooks for students to
learn how to use the law
• The Novellae: new laws
Justinian’s Law Code
• most important contribution was his
codification of Roman law
• The Body of Civil Law
• created a single, uniform code
• became the basis for much of the legal system
of Europe
Imperial Capital
• Hagia Sophia- “Holy Wisdom”
• Viewed churches as the most visible sign of
the close connection between church and
state in his empire
Imperial Capital
• Enlarged his palace, built baths, aqueducts,
law courts, schools, and hospitals
• Established the preservation of Greco-Roman
culture
The Mese or
Constantinople’s Main Street
Market Scene in Constantinople 1857
by E. A. Goodall
The Hippodrome
The Hippodrome
Recapture of the West
• by 552 he had almost restored the full
Roman Empire
• three years after his death in 565
– Byzantium suffered population loss with the
outbreak of a plague similar to the Bubonic
Plague
– the Lombards had conquered much of Italy
– constantly being pushed by Islam
The Walls of Constantinople
Influence of the Byzantine Empire
• Element: Describe the relationship between
the Roman and Byzantine Empires; include the
impact Byzantium had on Moscow and the
Russian Empire, the effect of Byzantine culture
on Tsar Ivan III and Kiev, and the rise of
Constantinople as a center for law, religion,
and the arts.
• Vocabulary: Byzantine Empire, Russian
Empire, Moscow, Tsar Ivan III, Kiev,
Constantinople
Byzantine Empire
• by 8th century consisted of the eastern Balkans
and Asia Minor
• expanded under a new dynasty of emperors,
the Macedonians
• ruled from 867 to 1081
• by 1025, the largest it had been since the
early 600s
Constantinople
• capital of the Byzantine Empire
• becomes new center of trade in the
Mediterranean Sea
• culture will flourish with religion and art
• Eastern Orthodox Christianity
• Hagia Sophia or Holy Wisdom
• Mosaics – peaces of tile and glass used as a
picture
Development of the Russian State
Formation:
• culture is a blend of Slavic and Greek
traditions
• Slavic people came from North European
forest
Development of the Russian State
Vikings:
• called the Varangians or Rus
• Russian = Viking + Slavic
• Legend: Slavs invited Viking chief Rurik to be
their king
• 862 city of Novgorod founded
• Viking Nobles intermarried with Slavic
subjects and adopted their culture
Kievan Russia
Rise:
• by 880 Oleg, an Novgorod nobleman moved
south to Kiev
• allowed access to Constantinople
• relations were hostile at first with the
Byzantine Empire
• eventually became trading partners
• Kiev became capital of Russian empire
Kievan Russia
Vladimir:
• converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox)
• by 989 held a public baptism of all the citizens
of Kiev in the Dnieper River
• made contact with several Western countries
through trade
• eventually Russian kings made alliances with
the royalty of Sweden, France, and Germany
Kievan Russia
Mongols:
• Russian relations with the West were cut off
• during the 13th century
• the Mongols conquered Kievan Russia
Kievan Russia
Byzantine Influence:
• remained Eastern Orthodox Christians
• form of government continued to resemble
that of Byzantium
• idea of the emperor as supreme ruler of the
Church (human representative of Jesus Christ)
• relationship between church and state grew
together in Russia
Rise of Moscow
Description:
• becomes an important trade center for Russia
after the fall of Kiev
• Ivan I convinced the Patriarch (leading bishop
of Eastern Europe) to move from Kiev to
Moscow
Rise of Moscow
Ivan III:
• became prince of Moscow
• openly challenged Mongol rule
• took the name of czar for Caesar
• wanted to make Russia the third Rome
Rise of Moscow
The Bloodless Standoff:
• by 1480 broke from the Mongols
• refused to pay his tribute(tax)
• Russian and Mongol armies faced at the Urga
river
• neither side advanced fight
• established Russian liberation from Mongol
rule
Rise of Moscow
Impact:
• ruled for 43 years
• Russian state would become a genuine empire
Crisis in the Byzantine Empire
• Element: Explain the Great Schism of 1054 CE.
• Vocabulary: Great Schism of 1054
Byzantine Empire
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both a Greek and Christian state
Greek became the empire’s official language
the empire retained the Christian faith
Christian church of the empire became known
as the Eastern Orthodox Church
Great Schism of 1054
• East-West Schism:
• split between the Eastern and Western
Christian Churches
• relations were strained because of distance
and language barrier
Great Schism of 1054
• Reason:
• split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic,
political, and geographic lines
Doctrinal
East
• Patriarch and other bishops
head the Church as a group
West
• Pope has authority over all
other bishops
Theological
East
• Priests may be married
• Divorce is allowed under
certain conditions
West
• Priests may not marry
• Divorce is not permitted
Linguistic
East
• Greek speaking Eastern
West
• Latin speaking Western
Political
East
• Byzantine emperor claims
authority over the patriarch
and other bishops of the
empire
West
• in the West Pope claims all
authority over all kings and
emperors
Geographical
East
• Asia Minor and the Balkans
in the Eastern
West
• Italy in the Western
distance allowed for the
churches to develop
differently
The Events
• The Crisis:
• the Roman Pope claimed to hold authority
over the four Eastern patriarchs
• the four eastern patriarchs claimed the
Patriarch of Rome was only honorary
• believed he had authority only over Western
Christians
• Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I
excommunicated each other
The Events
• The Result:
• led to the split of the Christian church
• led to the development of the modern
Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
churches
Crisis in the Byzantine Empire
• Element: Explain the Ottoman Empire’s role in
the decline of Byzantium and the capture of
Constantinople in 1453 CE.
• Vocabulary: Ottoman Empire
Mongol Empire
• Element: Analyze the spread of the Mongol
Empire; include the role of Chinggis (Genghis)
Khan in developing the empire, the impact of
the Mongols on Russia, China and the West,
the development of trade, and European
observations through the writings of Marco
Polo.
• Vocabulary: Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan,
Marco Polo
Origins
• came from Mongolia
• north of China in central Asia
• pastoral people organized by clans
Unification
• Temujin gradually
unified the Mongols
• 1206 elected Genghis
Khan (“universal ruler”)
• at a massive meeting in
the Gobi
Genghis Khan
• devoted himself to
conquest
• created the largest land
empire in history
Khanates
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Genghis Khan died in 1227
his empire was divided among his heirs
according to Mongol custom
the separate territories were called khanates
Mongol Expansion
• in 1260, Mongol forces attacked the Song
dynasty of China
• Kublai Khan (a grandson of Genghis Khan)
• in 1279 completed the conquest of the Song
• established the Yuan dynasty in China
• ruled China from his capital at Khanbaliq (“the
city of the Khan”), now known as Beijing
• died in 1294
Mongol Expansion
• Mongol forces advanced against Vietnam,
Java, Sumatra, and Japan
• only Vietnam was conquered
• in 1281, Kublai Khan sent warriors to invade
Japan
• A typhoon destroyed most of his fleet
• Japan would not be invaded again until 1945
Administration
• successful in ruling China
• won the support of the Chinese people by
providing stability and economic prosperity
• the capital, Khanbaliq, reflected Mongol
prosperity
• fell in 1368
• Zhu Yuanzhang, the son of a peasant, raised
an army and set up the Ming dynasty
Marco Polo
• Europeans had long been attracted to Asia.
Many people, including Christopher
Columbus, were
• fascinated by Marco Polo’s account of his
travels to the court of Kublai Khan and the
exotic East
• renewed interest of Marco Polo’s account will
spur in a new desire to travel in Europe during
the fourteenth century