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Eastern Civilizations • Standard: Analyze the importance of the Byzantine and Mongol empires between 450 CE and 1500 CE. • Essential Question: What was the importance of the Byzantine and Mongol empires between 450 and 1500 CE? Justinian and Theodora • Element: Analyze the importance of Justinian, include the influence of the Empress Theodora, Justinian’s Code, and Justinian’s efforts to recapture the west. • Vocabulary: Byzantine Empire, Justinian, Empress Theodora, Justinian’s Code Byzantine Empire • • • • • fifth century Germanic tribes moved into Europe the western Roman Empire collapse the Eastern Roman Empire continued to exist capital at Constantinople A mosaic of Justinian • Mosaic: a picture or decoration made of small usually colored pieces of stone or glass, used often to decorate Byzantine churches and buildings Emperor Justinian • became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527 • launched a public building program • building church’s was the emperor’s passion Nika Rebellion • AD 532 • two groups became disorderly in the Hippodrome • sparked a city wide riot • because of anger towards the government The Hippodrome The Hippodrome today and a map Nika Rebellion • Justinian wanted to flee • Theodora – Wife of Justinian – urged him to stay – obtained the role of his advisor thus creating immense power Nika Rebellion • Belisarius broke in with his troops and slaughtered about 30,000 rebels Empress Theodora • • • • lived a poor life worked as an actress she met and married Justinian became most powerful woman in Byzantine history • As the Empress she played a large role by advising and encouraging Justinian, and by helping him run the empire A page from Justinian’s Code The code is now commonly referred to as the Corpus Juris Civilis or “Body of Civil Law” Justinian’s Law Code Made up of 4 parts: • The Code: contained nearly 5,000 Roman laws • The Digest: quotes and opinions from famous Roman legal thinkers • The Institutes: a textbooks for students to learn how to use the law • The Novellae: new laws Justinian’s Law Code • most important contribution was his codification of Roman law • The Body of Civil Law • created a single, uniform code • became the basis for much of the legal system of Europe Imperial Capital • Hagia Sophia- “Holy Wisdom” • Viewed churches as the most visible sign of the close connection between church and state in his empire Imperial Capital • Enlarged his palace, built baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, and hospitals • Established the preservation of Greco-Roman culture The Mese or Constantinople’s Main Street Market Scene in Constantinople 1857 by E. A. Goodall The Hippodrome The Hippodrome Recapture of the West • by 552 he had almost restored the full Roman Empire • three years after his death in 565 – Byzantium suffered population loss with the outbreak of a plague similar to the Bubonic Plague – the Lombards had conquered much of Italy – constantly being pushed by Islam The Walls of Constantinople Influence of the Byzantine Empire • Element: Describe the relationship between the Roman and Byzantine Empires; include the impact Byzantium had on Moscow and the Russian Empire, the effect of Byzantine culture on Tsar Ivan III and Kiev, and the rise of Constantinople as a center for law, religion, and the arts. • Vocabulary: Byzantine Empire, Russian Empire, Moscow, Tsar Ivan III, Kiev, Constantinople Byzantine Empire • by 8th century consisted of the eastern Balkans and Asia Minor • expanded under a new dynasty of emperors, the Macedonians • ruled from 867 to 1081 • by 1025, the largest it had been since the early 600s Constantinople • capital of the Byzantine Empire • becomes new center of trade in the Mediterranean Sea • culture will flourish with religion and art • Eastern Orthodox Christianity • Hagia Sophia or Holy Wisdom • Mosaics – peaces of tile and glass used as a picture Development of the Russian State Formation: • culture is a blend of Slavic and Greek traditions • Slavic people came from North European forest Development of the Russian State Vikings: • called the Varangians or Rus • Russian = Viking + Slavic • Legend: Slavs invited Viking chief Rurik to be their king • 862 city of Novgorod founded • Viking Nobles intermarried with Slavic subjects and adopted their culture Kievan Russia Rise: • by 880 Oleg, an Novgorod nobleman moved south to Kiev • allowed access to Constantinople • relations were hostile at first with the Byzantine Empire • eventually became trading partners • Kiev became capital of Russian empire Kievan Russia Vladimir: • converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) • by 989 held a public baptism of all the citizens of Kiev in the Dnieper River • made contact with several Western countries through trade • eventually Russian kings made alliances with the royalty of Sweden, France, and Germany Kievan Russia Mongols: • Russian relations with the West were cut off • during the 13th century • the Mongols conquered Kievan Russia Kievan Russia Byzantine Influence: • remained Eastern Orthodox Christians • form of government continued to resemble that of Byzantium • idea of the emperor as supreme ruler of the Church (human representative of Jesus Christ) • relationship between church and state grew together in Russia Rise of Moscow Description: • becomes an important trade center for Russia after the fall of Kiev • Ivan I convinced the Patriarch (leading bishop of Eastern Europe) to move from Kiev to Moscow Rise of Moscow Ivan III: • became prince of Moscow • openly challenged Mongol rule • took the name of czar for Caesar • wanted to make Russia the third Rome Rise of Moscow The Bloodless Standoff: • by 1480 broke from the Mongols • refused to pay his tribute(tax) • Russian and Mongol armies faced at the Urga river • neither side advanced fight • established Russian liberation from Mongol rule Rise of Moscow Impact: • ruled for 43 years • Russian state would become a genuine empire Crisis in the Byzantine Empire • Element: Explain the Great Schism of 1054 CE. • Vocabulary: Great Schism of 1054 Byzantine Empire • • • • both a Greek and Christian state Greek became the empire’s official language the empire retained the Christian faith Christian church of the empire became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church Great Schism of 1054 • East-West Schism: • split between the Eastern and Western Christian Churches • relations were strained because of distance and language barrier Great Schism of 1054 • Reason: • split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographic lines Doctrinal East • Patriarch and other bishops head the Church as a group West • Pope has authority over all other bishops Theological East • Priests may be married • Divorce is allowed under certain conditions West • Priests may not marry • Divorce is not permitted Linguistic East • Greek speaking Eastern West • Latin speaking Western Political East • Byzantine emperor claims authority over the patriarch and other bishops of the empire West • in the West Pope claims all authority over all kings and emperors Geographical East • Asia Minor and the Balkans in the Eastern West • Italy in the Western distance allowed for the churches to develop differently The Events • The Crisis: • the Roman Pope claimed to hold authority over the four Eastern patriarchs • the four eastern patriarchs claimed the Patriarch of Rome was only honorary • believed he had authority only over Western Christians • Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other The Events • The Result: • led to the split of the Christian church • led to the development of the modern Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches Crisis in the Byzantine Empire • Element: Explain the Ottoman Empire’s role in the decline of Byzantium and the capture of Constantinople in 1453 CE. • Vocabulary: Ottoman Empire Mongol Empire • Element: Analyze the spread of the Mongol Empire; include the role of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan in developing the empire, the impact of the Mongols on Russia, China and the West, the development of trade, and European observations through the writings of Marco Polo. • Vocabulary: Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, Marco Polo Origins • came from Mongolia • north of China in central Asia • pastoral people organized by clans Unification • Temujin gradually unified the Mongols • 1206 elected Genghis Khan (“universal ruler”) • at a massive meeting in the Gobi Genghis Khan • devoted himself to conquest • created the largest land empire in history Khanates • • • • Genghis Khan died in 1227 his empire was divided among his heirs according to Mongol custom the separate territories were called khanates Mongol Expansion • in 1260, Mongol forces attacked the Song dynasty of China • Kublai Khan (a grandson of Genghis Khan) • in 1279 completed the conquest of the Song • established the Yuan dynasty in China • ruled China from his capital at Khanbaliq (“the city of the Khan”), now known as Beijing • died in 1294 Mongol Expansion • Mongol forces advanced against Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, and Japan • only Vietnam was conquered • in 1281, Kublai Khan sent warriors to invade Japan • A typhoon destroyed most of his fleet • Japan would not be invaded again until 1945 Administration • successful in ruling China • won the support of the Chinese people by providing stability and economic prosperity • the capital, Khanbaliq, reflected Mongol prosperity • fell in 1368 • Zhu Yuanzhang, the son of a peasant, raised an army and set up the Ming dynasty Marco Polo • Europeans had long been attracted to Asia. Many people, including Christopher Columbus, were • fascinated by Marco Polo’s account of his travels to the court of Kublai Khan and the exotic East • renewed interest of Marco Polo’s account will spur in a new desire to travel in Europe during the fourteenth century