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CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY • CAIN • WASSERMAN • MINORSKY • REECE 23 Broad Patterns of Evolution Questions prepared by Douglas Darnowski, Indiana University Southeast James Langeland, Kalamazoo College Murty S. Kambhampati, Southern University at New Orleans Roberta Batorsky, Temple University © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. SECOND EDITION, GLOBAL EDITION Which of the following is a rich source for the earliest prokaryote fossils? A. B. C. D. sedimentary rock metamorphic rock coral reefs stromatolites © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Which of the following is a rich source for the earliest prokaryote fossils? A. B. C. D. sedimentary rock metamorphic rock coral reefs stromatolites © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Radiometric dating _____. A. can be used to directly date fossils in sedimentary rock B. relies on the fact that the daughter isotope decays to the parent isotope at a constant rate C. allows us to indirectly date fossils up to billions of years old based on minerals in surrounding volcanic strata D. works only on rocks younger than 75,000 years E. allows us to determine an absolute, errorless date © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Radiometric dating _____. A. can be used to directly date fossils in sedimentary rock B. relies on the fact that the daughter isotope decays to the parent isotope at a constant rate C. allows us to indirectly date fossils up to billions of years old based on minerals in surrounding volcanic strata D. works only on rocks younger than 75,000 years E. allows us to determine an absolute, errorless date © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. You discover three fossil organisms and want to determine their dates. You measure the percentage of carbon-14 (half-life of 5,730 years) remaining in the fossils. Which of the following correctly places them in order from oldest to youngest? A. B. C. D. A, B, C B, C, A C, A, B A, C, B © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Fossil % 14C A 38.7 B 77.0 C 52.1 You discover three fossil organisms and want to determine their dates. You measure the percentage of carbon-14 (half-life of 5,730 years) remaining in the fossils. Which of the following correctly places them in order from oldest to youngest? A. B. C. D. A, B, C B, C, A C, A, B A, C, B © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Fossil % 14C A 38.7 B 77.0 C 52.1 You discover a series of fossil organisms and want to determine their dates. You decide to use carbon-14 dating (half-life of 5,730 years). Based on the table below, about how old are fossils A and B? A. B. C. D. E. 57,300 years 5,730 years 2,865 years 1,432 years other © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Sample 14C to 12C ratio Normal 1 to 1 million Fossil A 0.74 to 1 million Fossil B 0.76 to 1 million You discover a series of fossil organisms and want to determine their dates. You decide to use carbon-14 dating (half-life of 5,730 years). Based on the table below, about how old are fossils A and B? A. B. C. D. E. 57,300 years 5,730 years 2,865 years 1,432 years other © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Sample 14C to 12C ratio Normal 1 to 1 million Fossil A 0.74 to 1 million Fossil B 0.76 to 1 million When did the first prokaryotes arise, according to the fossil record? A. B. C. D. 2.5 billion years ago 4 million years ago 3.5 billion years ago 2,000 years ago © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. When did the first prokaryotes arise, according to the fossil record? A. B. C. D. 2.5 billion years ago 4 million years ago 3.5 billion years ago 2,000 years ago © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. One species of finch colonizes an island and, over a relatively short period of time, speciates into several different finch species. This is an example of A. B. C. D. adaptive radiation. sympatric speciation. allopatric speciation. symbiosis. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. One species of finch colonizes an island and, over a relatively short period of time, speciates into several different finch species. This is an example of A. B. C. D. adaptive radiation. sympatric speciation. allopatric speciation. symbiosis. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Potassium-40 is a commonly used isotope for radiometric dating. It decays to argon-40, with a half-life of 1.3 billion years. A volcanic rock is found to have 1/8 as much potassium-40 as liquid lava. How old is the rock? A. B. C. D. 162 million years 1.3 billion years 3.9 billion years 10.4 billion years © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Potassium-40 is a commonly used isotope for radiometric dating. It decays to argon-40, with a half-life of 1.3 billion years. A volcanic rock is found to have 1/8 as much potassium-40 as liquid lava. How old is the rock? A. B. C. D. 162 million years 1.3 billion years 3.9 billion years 10.4 billion years © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. The Cambrian explosion marks the relatively “sudden” appearance of many animal phyla approximately 542 million years ago. Approximately what percentage of Earth’s history has occurred since the appearance of animals? A. B. C. D. 1% 13% 50% 87% © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. The Cambrian explosion marks the relatively “sudden” appearance of many animal phyla approximately 542 million years ago. Approximately what percentage of Earth’s history has occurred since the appearance of animals? A. B. C. D. 1% 13% 50% 87% © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Which of the following is a reasonable prediction concerning plate tectonics and continental drift? A. Continents should slowly stabilize their current positions. B. Continents will stabilize their positions once they are as far apart as possible. C. Continents should eventually re-aggregate into a supercontinent before breaking up again. D. No new mountain ranges should form. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Which of the following is a reasonable prediction concerning plate tectonics and continental drift? A. Continents should slowly stabilize their current positions. B. Continents will stabilize their positions once they are as far apart as possible. C. Continents should eventually re-aggregate into a supercontinent before breaking up again. D. No new mountain ranges should form. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. A basic tenet of evolution by natural selection is that species should continually become more fit for their environment. What, then, can account for extinction? A. Natural selection temporarily stops working. B. New mutations decrease fitness. C. The environment changes more rapidly than species can adapt. D. Species have fixed life spans. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. A basic tenet of evolution by natural selection is that species should continually become more fit for their environment. What, then, can account for extinction? A. Natural selection temporarily stops working. B. New mutations decrease fitness. C. The environment changes more rapidly than species can adapt. D. Species have fixed life spans. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. When was the largest mass extinction in the history of our planet? A. B. C. D. 542 million years ago 252 million years ago 65 million years ago currently ongoing © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. When was the largest mass extinction in the history of our planet? A. B. C. D. 542 million years ago 252 million years ago 65 million years ago currently ongoing © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. The hundreds of varied fruit fly species on the Hawaiian Islands arose through adaptive radiation. Which piece of evidence would best support this claim? A. The Hawaiian fruit fly species all physically resemble one another more than they do non-Hawaiian fruit flies. B. The Hawaiian fruit fly species are more closely related to each other genetically than they are to nonHawaiian fruit flies. C. The Hawaiian fruit fly species all occupy similar ecological niches. D. The Hawaiian fruit fly species are radioactive. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. The hundreds of varied fruit fly species on the Hawaiian Islands arose through adaptive radiation. Which piece of evidence would best support this claim? A. The Hawaiian fruit fly species all physically resemble one another more than they do non-Hawaiian fruit flies. B. The Hawaiian fruit fly species are more closely related to each other genetically than they are to non-Hawaiian fruit flies. C. The Hawaiian fruit fly species all occupy similar ecological niches. D. The Hawaiian fruit fly species are radioactive. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Which statement concerning evolutionary novelties has the least evidence to support it? A. New evolutionary structures require new genes. B. New evolutionary structures can arise from changes in the expression of existing genes. C. Complex structures can evolve in stepwise fashion. D. Structures evolved in one context can be co-opted for another function. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Which statement concerning evolutionary novelties has the least evidence to support it? A. New evolutionary structures require new genes. B. New evolutionary structures can arise from changes in the expression of existing genes. C. Complex structures can evolve in stepwise fashion. D. Structures evolved in one context can be co-opted for another function. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Which of the following evolutionary novelties is least consistent with being facilitated by a Hox gene? A. B. C. D. crustacean feeding appendages paedomorphosis in salamanders loss of limbs in snakes wing number in insects © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. Which of the following evolutionary novelties is least consistent with being facilitated by a Hox gene? A. B. C. D. crustacean feeding appendages paedomorphosis in salamanders loss of limbs in snakes wing number in insects © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. The gene Pax6 is expressed and required in the developing eye of both molluscs and vertebrates. What is the simplest explanation for this? A. Pax6 is a homeotic gene. B. Pax6 was independently co-opted into the developing eyes of both molluscs and vertebrates. C. Mollusc eyes and vertebrate eyes both evolved from simple photoreceptors present in a common ancestor that used the Pax6 gene. D. Mollusc eyes and vertebrate eyes have very similar structure that requires the Pax6 gene. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd. The gene Pax6 is expressed and required in the developing eye of both molluscs and vertebrates. What is the simplest explanation for this? A. Pax6 is a homeotic gene. B. Pax6 was independently co-opted into the developing eyes of both molluscs and vertebrates. C. Mollusc eyes and vertebrate eyes both evolved from simple photoreceptors present in a common ancestor that used the Pax6 gene. D. Mollusc eyes and vertebrate eyes have very similar structure that requires the Pax6 gene. © 2017 Pearson Education, Ltd.