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8th Grade Science Ecology Study Guide 1. What are herbivores? Consumers that eat only plants 2. Use these animals to create a food chain. Be sure your food chain begins with the producer. (frog, grasshopper, snake, grass) Grass grasshopper frog snake 3. In a food chain, what function do bacteria and fungi serve? They are decomposers. They break dead materials and recycle their nutrients back into the environment. 4. In the diagram below, what term(s) could be used to describe the rabbit? List all that could apply. Consumer, herbivore, heterotroph 5. What do we call the organisms that make the energy of the Sun available for all other organisms? Producers or autotrophs Which organism(s) in the diagram in number 4 accomplish this task? The plants at the bottom (lady slipper, Canada violet, Canada goldenrod) 6. What do we call all of the interconnected food chains in an ecosystem? A food web 7. Which is a better representation of the feeding relationships in an ecosystem, a food chain or a food web? A food web 8. Which organisms can be predator and prey---------plants or animals? Only animals 9. What are scavengers? They are consumers that eat dead animals. 10. Heterotrophs are organisms that have to eat other organisms to survive. Which organisms below are heterotrophs? BIRD CAT SQUIRREL BEAR Flower tree bird cat squirrel algae bear 11. Autotrophs are organisms that can make their own food. Which organisms below are heterotrophs? FLOWER TREE ALGAE Flower tree bird cat squirrel algae bear 12. Which terms could be used to describe the organisms in the picture below? Herbivore (mouse) carnivore (cat) heterotroph prey (mouse) predator (cat) consumer herbivore carnivore heterotroph autotroph prey predator producer consumer 13. The graph below shows the relationship between two populations of organisms. One line represents the predator population and one line represents the prey population. Which line represents each? Explain why. Population 1 is the predator population and Population 2 is the prey population. I know this because the prey population (line 2) goes up ahead of the predator population (line 1). This is because, when the prey population gets big, the predators have a lot to eat so the predator population then goes up too. Then, when the prey population goes down, then the predator population goes down too because they don’t have as much to eat. Pop 1 Pop 2 14. The picture below represents all of the living and nonliving things in an environment? What is the term for this? ECOSYSTEM 15. List the following ecological levels of organization from smallest to largest: population, biosphere, ecosystem Smallestpopulation, ecosystem, biosphere Largest 16. Match the terms from the list below that mean the same thing. Then tell what each means. autotroph consumer producer heterotroph Autotroph and producer are the same thing. They both make their own food. Consumer and heterotroph are the same thing. They both have to eat other things to get food. 17. You find a tick on your dog’s back. The tick and your dog have a type of symbiotic relationship with each other called parasitism. In this relationship, who is the parasite? The tick How is the parasite affected? The parasite benefits because it gets food and a place to live. Who is the host? The dog How is the host affected? The host is harmed because it loses blood which makes it weaker and possibly sick. 18. In your intestines, you have bacteria living. These bacteria get nutrients from the food you eat. In return, these bacteria produce nutrients for you that your body cannot make on its own, such as Vitamins B and K. What kind of symbiotic relationship do you and these bacteria have? Explain. This symbiotic relationship is mutualism. Both organisms benefit in this relationship. The bacteria get nutrients from my food and I get vitamins from the bacteria. 19. Where does all energy for living things on Earth come from? The Sun 20. Which is not a likely relationship to be found in an ecosystem? a. Predator-prey b. Producer-consumer c. Parasite-host d. Consumer-consumer******* 21. Many tropical rainforests are being cut down for lumber. Describe a problem with this. This is destroying many animals’ habitats (places to live), which could kill the animals and cause them to go extinct. Also, a lot of medicines come from plants and animals in the rainforest. There may be medicines there we haven’t discovered yet and will never discover if we cut down all of the rainforests. 22. What is a population? A group of animals of the same species 23. Put a check by the biotic factors that characteristic of a desert. Put a star by the abiotic factors that are characteristic of a desert. Very hot days and very cold nights *** High amounts of precipitation Longer days than other biomes Nutrient rich soil Cacti Lizards Low amounts of rainfall *** Hot summers and cold winters 24. In what biome could the food web above be found? A desert 25. If the mountain lion population decreased significantly due to overhunting, what would happen to the shrub population over a period of time? The shrub population would go down because, with less mountain lions to eat the cottontails, there would be more cottontails to eat the shrubs, so the shrub population would go down. 26. What do decomposers do for this food web? They break down the dead plants and animals and recycle their nutrients back into the soil. 27. Pick a carnivore in the food web and write out the food chain that it is part of. Many different answers. Examples: Mojave Yuccajack rabbitcoyote (carnivore) Mojave Yuccajack rabbitmountain lion (carnivore) Mojave Yuccajack rabbitMojave rattlesnake (carnivore)