Download Seed Production of Cole

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All Seed are grain but all grain are not Seed
Seed Production Technique of Cole crops
Submitted by:
Santosh pathak
Roll no: HRT-07M-2015
Department of Horticulture
AFU, Rampur
Introduction
 Seed is a fertilized ovule consisting intact embryo,
stored food and seed coat which is viable and has got the
capacity to germinate.
 Seed materials includes tubers, seedling, bulbs,
rhizomes, roots and stem cuttings, all kinds of grafting etc.
 Seed production, specialized job and their culture
requires more detailed attention and handling as
compared of field crops.
 Cole crops consists of Cauliflower, Cabbage, Sprouting
broccoli, Knol-khol, Brussel sprouts, kale, Chinese
cabbage etc.
Contin……
The area, production and yield of vegetable in Nepal is given in
table 1. (VDD, 2069/70)
Crops
Area (ha)
Production (MT)
Vegetable
254932
3421035
Potato
205725
2817512.2
Seed production status of Nepal (VDD, 2069/70)
Table 2:
Government production
7.83 MT
Private Production
1044.9 MT
Total
1052.73 MT
Seed Requirement
2114 MT
Yield
(kg/ha)
13420
13695.5
Breeding behaviour
Cole crops are highly cross pollinated. The percentage of
cross pollination varies with the type of crops i.e.
i) Broccoli-95%
ii) Cabbage-73%,
iii) Cauliflower-70%
Characterized by both self-incompatibility and
protogyny.
Seed Production of Cole crops
Climate:
They prefer cool and somewhat humid weather and
perform best under the conditions of high relative humidity.
 Av. Chilling temperature is 7ºC for 1-2 month.
 Optimum monthly Av. temperature is 15-20ºC for
cauliflower.
Soil:
 Abundance of humus, Organic matter.
 loamy soil with pH of 6-7 is the best for cultivation of
cucurbits.
 The field should be free from volunteer plants with
good texture, fertile and well drained.
Suitable area for seed production
Mid hills (1000-1400 m) is the best place for seed
production.
The seed production of cole crops can be done in Nepal
from Terai to high hilly region (VDD, 1990).
Variety selection and adjustment in sowing time should
be considered.
Dhankuta, Mustang, Jumla, Rukum, Kathmandu,
Lalitpur, Dadeldhura, Dolpa, Palpa and Kavre are the
major centre for seed production in Nepal.
Contin………
Field standards: Table 3
Crop
Cole crops
Maximum off type plant Maximum diseased plant (%)
(%)
Foundation Certified Foundation
Certified
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.5
Designated
diseases
Alternaria
spot, Black
rot
Isolation distance: 1600 m Foundation, 1000m Certified
Rouging:
 Off-type plants and those forming poor curds or head are rouged
out.
 In cabbage, first rouging is done at the time of handling the mature
heads and second roguing is done before the heads start bursting.
Selection of curds is done when curds are well developed in
cauliflower.
Cultivation practices
Land Preparation
Land is prepared by 4 to 5 cm deep with cross ploughing and
harrowing followed by laddering. The land to be used for seed
production should be free from volunteer plants. It should be well
leveled and the soil suitable for cultivation of crops.
Source of seed
Collect the seeds of appropriate generation of seed
(nucleus/breeder's/foundation) certified by seed certifying agency.
Sowing Time , Seed Rate and Spacing
Crops
Sowing time
Seed rate
(g/ha)
Spacing (cm×
cm)
Cabbage
Mid Sept
250-300
60× 45
Cauliflower
Early Sept
300-350
60× 45
Contin………..
Seed Treatment
Vitavax or Captan @2 g/kg of seed.
Seedling Raising and Transplanting
 Nursery bed require an area of
Categories
Dimension
Length
3-4 m
Breadth
1m
Height
10-15 cm
 It will take the seed about 10 days to germinate.
Generally, 4-6 weeks old healthy seedlings are selected for
transplanting in the main field.
 Hardening can be done for better survival and establishment upon
transplanting.
Contin………………….
Seedlings should be thoroughly irrigated a day before
uprooting for transplanting.
Transplanting of seedlings be done in the evening.
Fig: Raising seedlings and transplanting
Contin……..
Fertilizer and their application
 Depends upon soil condition, crop varieties, climatic condition, time
of planting, etc.
For one ropani land in seed production (Shakya 2006)
FYM-1 ton, Nitrogen-6kg, Phosphorus-5kg and Potash-4kg is
desirable.
Time of application:
Full FYM + ½ N+1P+1K as basal dose
¼ N = 1 month after at first weeding
¼ N = during bolting stage.
For micronutrients apply Agromin, Multiplex ,apply Borax @1520kg/ha as basal dose
Contin…….
Weed management
Hand-hoeing is recommended for weed control.
Critical stages: Flowering stage and seed development stage.
 Earthing up is quite beneficial.
 Staking is essential to make the harvest easy as well as minimize the loss
due to crop lodging.
Weeding and hoeing is done twice, 1st at 1 month after transplanting and
2nd at 2 month after transplanting.
Irrigation
A crop after transplanting may need irrigation twice a week and later once
a week.
Adequate moisture supply during flowering and seed development are
necessary to obtain high yield.
Method of Seed Production in Cabbage
 Mainly by 3 methods i.e Head to Seed, Seed to Seed method and
Stump method.
 Seed to seed method is mostly used for the production of market
seed.
Head to seed method:
 Rouging and field inspection.
 Fully matured true to types are uprooted and remove outer whorl
of leaves.
 wider spacing of 45-90 cm between the plants and 90-180cm in
row.
Two cuts of 2.5-5 cm deep are given at right angles across each
head so that the seed stalk may develop.
Conti……
Seed to seed method:
 requirement for this method is high quality FS.
 Rouging is done for time to time.
 A shallow furrow is plouged, on each side of the row and a large
ridge of soil is thrown against cabbage plant.
 top is exposed .
Partially buried plant can withstand a quite low temp. and plant
exposed in spring.
Conti……
Stump method:
 The head after their formation are deheaded with the help of sharp
knife.
 The heads are marketed and the selected stumps are either left
insitu or transplanted during autumn.
 The axillary buds of the outer leaves develop and give rise to
flowering stalk.
 Extra income is possible from the sale of heads.
Method of seed production in cauliflower
 Seed production is done mainly by seed to seed method.
 Rouging is done after curd formation for size, quality, color etc.
 The plants are then left for bolting when rouging is done again for
those which show bolting form the center of the curd.
 Flowered within 30-45 days.
 Sometimes Scooping can be done for highly compact cultivar.
 Longitudinal half cutting of the curd is important for compact
cultivar, helps for bolting and early flowering.
 harvesting is done in 2-3 shifts because all pods do not mature at
same time.
Contin…….
Plant Protection
Insect: Cabbage Butterfly, DBM
Apply Metacid 50EC (1ml/l). Nuvan
100 EC 2ml/l
Disease: Black leg
Hot water seed treatment (50º C) for 30
min and spray with organomercuric
chloride compound (2-3g/l of water.
Disease: Downy mildew
Spray 1% of Bordeaux mixture or
spray Dithane M-45
Disease: Black rot
Seed treatment (52ºC to 30 min) and
soil drench with bleaching powder
Contin…….
Field inspection
First before emergence of curd or head, second during curd or head
formation and last inspection at after flowering.
Harvesting of Fruit
Pods do not ripen all at once, but rather in the same sequence of
flower opening.
Harvesting is generally done when a noticeable proportion of the
pods have become yellow and before older pods become dry and
dehisce.
After harvesting , curing should be done for 4-5 days in a shaded
place.
 When the pods show sign of drying or brownish appearance, they
are dried in sun.
Contin……
 Then after threshing is done followed by grading in specified
sieves for separating the under developed grains.
Yield
Cauliflower : 250- 400 Kg/ha
Cabbage: 500-650 kg/ha
Thank You