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IUCN 2008: T12650A21967189
Macrotis lagotis, Bilby
Assessment by: Burbidge, A.A. & Woinarski, J.
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Citation: Burbidge, A.A. & Woinarski, J. 2016. Macrotis lagotis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species 2016: e.T12650A21967189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20162.RLTS.T12650A21967189.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Peramelemorphia
Thylacomyidae
Taxon Name: Macrotis lagotis (Reid, 1837)
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
• Spanish:
Bilby, Dalgyte, Greater Bilby, Greater Rabbit-eared Bandicoot
Grand Bandicoot-lapin, Grand Péramèle-lapin
Cangurito Narigudo Grande
Taxonomic Notes:
Several subspecies have been described: M. l. lagotis (Reid, 1837). South-west of Western Australia
(extinct) M. l. cambrica Troughton, 1932. Eastern New South Wales (extinct) M. l. grandis Troughton,
1932. South-eastern South Australia (extinct) M. l. interjecta Troughton, 1932. Nullarbor Plain, Western
Australia (extinct) M. l. nigripes (Jones, 1923). South Australia (extinct) M. l. sagitta (Thomas, 1905).
Central Australia. However, genetic research suggests that currently-extant subpopulations (including
the isolated subpopulation in south-western Queensland) show very little genetic variation (Moritz et al.
1997) and the subspecies are unlikely to be valid. As the former distribution was more or less
continuous, extinct subspecies are equally unlikely to be valid. No subspecies are recognised in the 2012
Action Plan.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Vulnerable C1 ver 3.1
Year Published:
2016
Date Assessed:
June 15, 2015
Justification:
The Bilby is evaluated as Vulnerable because, although it still has a large extent of occurrence (EOO), it is
patchily distributed and has a small area of occupancy (AOO); the population size is estimated to be
fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, and it suffers from an ongoing decline estimated to exceed 10%
over the last 3 generations (12 years) that is likely to continue. Five translocations, one to an island and
four to mainland islands, while providing valuable ‘insurance’ against extinction, may not yet fully offset
the continuing decline in the wild. Additionally, ‘A taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat
to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category has been met for five years or
more’ (IUCN 2001) and even if the growth in numbers in translocated subpopulations offsets the decline
in the wild, this has not been the case for >5 years for the Bilby
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2008 – Vulnerable (VU) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T12650A3368711.en
1996 – Vulnerable (VU)
1994 – Vulnerable (V)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macrotis lagotis – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12650A21967189.en
1
1990 – Endangered (E)
1988 – Endangered (E)
1986 – Endangered (E)
1982 – Endangered (E)
1965 – Status inadequately known-survey required or data sought
Geographic Range
Range Description:
The Bilby formerly occurred over 70% of arid and semi-arid mainland Australia south of latitude 18°S. It
appears to have become extinct in New South Wales and southern South Australia around the 1940s
(Copley et al. 2003) or more likely, from Aboriginal knowledge, at least the 1950s (P. Copley pers.
comm.). It disappeared from the Flinders Ranges in the 1920s (Tunbridge 1991) and from northern
South Australia in the 1930s. The species declined dramatically in south-western Australia in the 1920s
and 1930s, although it may have persisted until the 1970s or even the 1980s (Abbott 2001). It occurs
patchily on the Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia. The range of the Bilby has declined northwards
and the decline is continuing. Wild subpopulations are now restricted predominantly to the Tanami
Desert (Northern Territory), the Gibson, Little Sandy and Great Sandy Deserts (Western Australia), parts
of the Pilbara (Western Australia) and an outlying series of disjunct subpopulations associated with both
sides of the Diamantina River channels within the stony and clay chenopod plains approximately
between Boulia and Birdsville (south-western Queensland) (Johnson 2008, Gibson et al. 1990).
Historically, the area occupied by Bilbies in Queensland has declined by >95% (McRae 2004) and there
has been a recent further significant decline. It was successfully introduced to Thistle Island (39 km2),
South Australia in 1998. It has been reintroduced to the Arid Recovery Reserve mainland island near
Roxby Downs in 2000, 2003 and 2005 (South Australia; 123 km2 of which 60 km2 are free of all Rabbits,
Red Foxes and Cats: Moseby et al. 2011) and to mainland islands at Scotia Sanctuary in 2004 (c. 80 km2)
in western New South Wales and Yookamurra Sanctuary in 2007 (c. 11 km2) in South Australia (M.
Hayward pers. comm.). It has been reintroduced to François Peron National Park, Shark Bay in 1997 and
to Lorna Glen, a former pastoral station in the eastern Murchison of Western Australia where Red Foxes
and feral Cats are controlled, with 128 captive-bred Bilbies being released between 2007 and 2009 (K.
Morris pers. comm.). Bilbies will be reintroduced to Mt Gibson Sanctuary in Western Australia once the
fence around the mainland island (40-60 km2) is complete (S. Legge pers. comm.). The southern edge
of Bilby distribution in the Northern Territory has contracted north by >100 km per decade over the past
twenty years (Paltridge and Eldridge 2009). Bilbies are now restricted to areas of the Tanami Desert
where foxes are absent or at very low densities. In contrast, 2012 surveys of the southern edge of the
range of the Bilby on the Ngaanyatjarra Lands in Western Australia revealed no change to the southern
extent of Bilby distribution in eastern Western Australia over the past decade (R. Paltridge pers. comm.).
Country Occurrence:
Native: Australia (New South Wales - Regionally Extinct, Northern Territory, Queensland, South
Australia, Victoria, Western Australia)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macrotis lagotis – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12650A21967189.en
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Distribution Map
Macrotis lagotis
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macrotis lagotis – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12650A21967189.en
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Population
Available estimates from Friend et al. (2008) and subsequent information, based on a variety of counts,
density estimates and other methodologies, are: Natural subpopulations Western Australia: 5000-10
000 Northern Territory: <1000 Queensland: 200-500 (however, there has been a subsequent recent
significant decline, largely due to Cat predation) Reintroduced subpopulations Thistle Island (South
Australia): c. 500 individuals Lorna Glen (Western Australia): a 2012 survey estimated between 128 and
339 bilbies (N. Burrows pers. comm.). Mainland island subpopulations: Peron Peninsula, François
Peron National Park (Western Australia): 200 Venus Bay (South Australia): 100 Arid Recovery (Roxby
Downs, South Australia): 500 Yookamurra (South Australia): 200 (2012) Scotia (New South Wales): 1900
(2012) Currawinya National Park (Queensland): estimated at 150, recently declined as a result of Cat
invasion. Across natural, introduced and mainland island subpopulations, these estimates tally to c.
9000-15 000 individuals; the number of mature individuals would be fewer. We consider the figure for
Western Australia to be high; and assume the number of mature individuals to be <10 000. The limited
available information suggests a current decline in at least some natural subpopulations (and at least
one mainland island population), with this decline not yet outweighed by increasing size and number of
translocated subpopulations.
Captive colonies are managed as two separate units. Queensland
colonies are held by Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary, David Fleays Wildlife Park, Dreamworld, Ipswich
Nature Centre, Wildlife Sydney and Taronga Zoo; Northern Territory colonies are managed via a
Conservation Program involving Adelaide Zoo, Alice Springs Desert Park, Australia Walkabout Wildlife
Park, Cleland Wildlife Park, Halls Gap Zoo Healesville Sanctuary, Melbourne Zoo, Monarto Zoological
Park, and Perth Zoo (Ford and Hogg 2012).
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
Bilbies are a solitary species, sheltering in burrows, which may be up to 3 m deep and often descend in a
spiral. Burrows are usually isolated, but may be complex and there may be many within a relatively
small area; an individual Bilby may dig more than 12 burrows within its home range. Bilbies are
nocturnal and burrows are occupied during daylight and intermittently during the night. An omnivore,
the Bilby eats a variety of plant and animal materials, including grass and sedge seeds, bulbs particularly
from Bush Onion Cyperus bulbosus, and invertebrates, especially termites, but also ants, spiders, beetles
and insect larvae (Southgate 1990b; Navinth et al. 2009). Most food is obtained by digging. Mature
males range more widely than females and have been recorded occupying burrows over 5 km apart on
consecutive days (Southgate and Possingham 1995; McRae 2004). Estimates of short-term home range
sizes in the Northern Territory varied from 1.1 to 3 km2 (Southgate and Paltridge 1998). Mean home
range sizes recorded from wild populations in Queensland are 51 ha for males and 20 ha for females.
Burrow ranges are considerably smaller at 15.3 ha for males and 3 ha for females (McRae 2004).
Remaining subpopulations occupy three major vegetation types: open tussock grassland on uplands and
hills, mulga woodland/shrubland growing on ridges and rises, and hummock grassland in plains and
alluvial areas. Bilbies will move to new home ranges once food becomes scarce. At Watarrka National
Park, one group moved 10.5 km from a release site during a three-year period (Southgate and
Possingham 1995).
Systems: Terrestrial
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macrotis lagotis – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12650A21967189.en
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Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
The major threat to the Bilby is predation by introduced red foxes and feral cats, exacerbated by
changed fire regimes. Predation by dingoes, and habitat degradation by livestock are lesser threats.
Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)
A 2006 recovery plan (Pavey 2006) included the following actions ·
Control predators at key Bilby
populations ·
Continue husbandry and coordinated management of captive populations ·
Continue to reintroduce the species to predator-free or predator-controlled sites across its former range
·
Refine monitoring methodology ·
Monitor trends in occurrence and abundance of the greater
Bilby across its range including at reintroduction sites ·
Measure impact of threatening processes
on Bilby populations at reintroduction sites.
An updated recovery plan is in preparation.
Implementation is ongoing. The national Bilby recovery team meets irregularly (every 3-4 years) as part
of national arid zone threatened fauna forums. Predator control is limited to semi-captive, fenced
subpopulations, except for small-scale predator control conducted by the Central Land Council utilizing
fox-specific bait stations at a key Bilby subpopulation in the Tanami Desert (R. Paltridge pers. comm.).
Reintroduction was attempted at Dryandra (WA), where fox control is in place; however it was not
successful due to predation by remaining and immigrating foxes as well as feral Cats. An introduction to
the 39 km2 Thistle Island (South Australia) has been successful, as has a reintroduction to the 123 km2
Arid Recovery Reserve mainland island, Roxby Downs (South Australia which is free of all Rabbits, Red
Foxes and Cats (Moseby et al. 2011). Aerial and ground surveys have been conducted in south-west
Queensland and limited surveys have been carried out in the Tanami Desert, Northern Territory. A reintroduction to Venus Bay peninsula (South Australia) appears to have been successful initially, and then
failed due to the presence of feral Cats within the fenced area. The presence and occurrence of Bilby is
being monitored in Western Australia’s desert rangelands through a partnership with Rangelands NRM,
Department of Environment and Conservation, Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa and Central Desert Native Title
Services. The track-based monitoring methodology has been applied (Southgate and Moseby 2008)
across a large area, including Birriliburu, Martu, Ngurrupa and Spinifex native title determinations, and
the Pilki and Yilka native title claim areas. Bilby sign has been detected in the Martu and Birriliburu
determinations, and on-ground activities to protect these populations are being implemented by the
traditional owners.
In Queensland, Bilby subpopulations are managed via control of introduced predators. Some indigenous
ranger groups in the Northern Territory and Western Australia are carrying out fire and predator
management. In the desert rangelands area of Western Australia, traditional owners are implementing
on-ground activities in areas where Bilbies have been detected through the track-based monitoring
program, the key activity being implemented being cool-season patch burning to create a diversity of
food resources and habitat, and shelter from predators. Traditional hunting of predators is also
encouraged in the desert rangelands, particularly close to Aboriginal communities on country, though
the feasibility of maintaining low densities of predators in more remote areas through traditional
hunting is very limited. In the Tanami Desert, Northern Territory, the Central Land Council is developing
a discriminatory baiting program at one of the most important Bilby sites. Studies of predator diets in
this area have revealed a high proportion of Cat remains in Dingo scats. In an attempt to control the fox
population without affecting the resident Dingoes, fox-specific bait stations are being trialled in habitats
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macrotis lagotis – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12650A21967189.en
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frequented by Dingoes. Expert tracking skills also assist strategically placement of fox baits on the
ground along regularly used fox trails and broad-scale baiting is being conducted in surrounding habitats
where Dingoes and Bilbies only occasionally occur, to create a buffer zone of low fox density (R.
Paltridge pers. comm.). In the Kiwirrkurra-Lake Mackay region of Western Australia, Bilbies are persisting
at sites where Pintubi continue to conduct regular Cat hunting and frequent patch burning (R. Paltridge
pers. comm.).
Credits
Assessor(s):
Burbidge, A.A. & Woinarski, J.
Reviewer(s):
Johnson, C.N. & Hawkins, C.
Contributor(s):
Johnson, K., Legge, S., Copley, P., Gordon, G., Hayward, M., McGilvray, A., McRae,
P., Morris, K., Paltridge, R. & Van Weenen, J.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macrotis lagotis – published in 2016.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12650A21967189.en
6
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Citation
Burbidge, A.A. & Woinarski, J. 2016. Macrotis lagotis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016:
e.T12650A21967189. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12650A21967189.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
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External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
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Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
2. Savanna -> 2.1. Savanna - Dry
Resident
Suitable
Yes
4. Grassland -> 4.5. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
Resident
Suitable
Yes
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming
& ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranching
or farming
Ongoing
Minority (50%)
Slow, significant
declines
Low impact: 5
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
Ongoing
Whole (>90%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
Ongoing
Majority (5090%)
Stresses:
2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Felis catus)
8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes &
diseases -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien
species/diseases -> 8.1.2. Named species (Vulpes
vulpes)
Rapid declines
Very rapid
declines
High impact: 8
High impact: 8
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Action Recovery plan: Yes
Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Percentage of population protected by PAs (0-100): 11-20
Area based regional management plan: No
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macrotis lagotis – published in 2016.
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Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Species Management
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: Yes
Subject to ex-situ conservation: Yes
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: Yes
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes
Conservation Actions Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions Needed
1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection
2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management
2. Land/water management -> 2.2. Invasive/problematic species control
2. Land/water management -> 2.3. Habitat & natural process restoration
3. Species management -> 3.2. Species recovery
3. Species management -> 3.3. Species re-introduction -> 3.3.1. Reintroduction
4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications
Research Needed
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Research Needed
1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends
1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology
1. Research -> 1.5. Threats
1. Research -> 1.6. Actions
3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 2150
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macrotis lagotis – published in 2016.
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Distribution
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Yes
Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 3100000
Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Yes
Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Number of Locations: 20
Continuing decline in number of locations: Yes
Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
Population
Number of mature individuals: 9000
Continuing decline of mature individuals: Yes
Extreme fluctuations: No
Population severely fragmented: No
No. of subpopulations: 20
Continuing decline in subpopulations: Yes
Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No
All individuals in one subpopulation: No
Habitats and Ecology
Generation Length (years): 4
Movement patterns: Not a Migrant
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Macrotis lagotis – published in 2016.
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