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GLUTATHIONE, REDUCED Glutathione (GSH) is a powerful antioxidant that is decreased with the aging process. Given the essential roles of GSH in detoxification, free radical protection, immune function regulation, and maintenance of protein structure, function and turnover, it has been suggested that GSH levels in the body may serve as a useful indicator of disease risk in humans. GSH levels are lower in many conditions associated with oxidative stress such as aging, Alzheimer’s disease, autism, cancer, heart attack, pulmonary disease, and diabetes. Glutathione is the principal intracellular low molecular weight thiol that plays a critical role in the cellular defence against oxidative stress. Diminished glutathione levels have been observed in the early stages of apoptosis. Glutathione exists in reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) states. Reduced glutathione (GSH) is a major tissue antioxidant that provides reducing equivalents for the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) catalysed reduction of lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols and hydrogen peroxide to water. The enzyme glutathione reductase (GR) recycles GSSG to GSH with the simultaneous oxidation of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (β-NADPH2). In healthy cells, more than 90% of the total glutathione pool is in the reduced form (GSH). When cells are exposed to increased levels of oxidative stress, GSSG accumulates and the ratio of GSH/GSSG increases. An increased ratio of GSSG-to-GSH is an indication of oxidative stress. CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED LEVELS OF GLUTATHIONE Aging Increased morbidity Alzheimers disease Genetically inherited deficiencies Autism Liver cirrhosis Cancer Neurological symptoms Cataracts Pancreatitis Crohn’s disease Parkinson’s disease Diabetes Pulmonary disease, COPD, Asthma Gastritis Stroke Heart attack Wilson’s disease Oxidative Stress A growing body of evidence suggests that oxidative stress and a reduction of antioxidant activity may play an important part in the aging process. Cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and cataracts are just some of the conditions that occur when the balance of free radicals to antioxidants becomes disturbed. Oxidative stress is defined as a condition characterised by the release of free radicals. These oxidative molecules can directly modify genetic material, oxidise lipids and cell membranes, and damage proteins; all ultimately leading to tissue breakdown, oncogenesis, inflammation, accelerated again and disease. Antioxidants are substances that provide protection from endogenous and exogenous oxidative stresses. The physiological role of antioxidants is therefore to prevent cellular damage arising as a consequence of chemical reactions involving free radicals. Glutathione Glutathione (GSH) is a powerful antioxidant that is decreased with the aging process. GSH and oxidised glutathione (GSSG) is the major redox couple that determines the antioxidative capacity of cells. Reduced glutathione (GSH) is made up of three amino acids - glutamine, cysteine and glycine - and therefore is technically named n-L-gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl glycine. GSH is the smallest intracellular thiol molecule; it contains a sulfhydryl (-SH) group on the cysteinyl portion which gives GSH its strong antioxidant properties Given the essential roles of GSH in detoxification, free radical protection, immune function regulation, and maintenance of protein structure, function and turnover, it has been suggested that GSH levels in the body may serve as a useful indicator of disease risk in humans. GSH levels are known to be lower in many conditions particularly those associated with oxidative stress e.g. aging, Alzheimer’s disease, autism, cancer, heart attack, pulmonary disease. GLUTATHIONE, REDUCED (blood) [Test code: 5012] Reduced glutathione (GSH) Other glutathione tests available • • • Glutathione, oxidised (blood) [5107]: Oxidised glutathione (GSH) Genova DetoxiGenomic Profile (buccal swab) [8003]: Genetic test for Phase I: Cytochrome P-450 (CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2C9, CYP1C19, CYP3A4); SNPs for Phase II: Methylation (COMT), Acetylation (NAT1, NAT2), Glutathione conjugation (GSTM1, GSTP1), Oxidative protection (SOD1, SOD2) Phase 2 Detoxification Enzymes (blood spot) [8008]: Genetic test for Glutathione STransferases (GST-T1, GST-P1, GST-M1) How to order a test kit: To order a test kit simply request the test name and/or test code on a NutriPATH request form test code and have the patient phone NutriPATH Customer Service on 1300 688 522. Phone 1300 688 522 for further details www.nutripath.com.au