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Natural Heritage Futures - National Assessments
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USER'S GUIDE TO BIODIVERSITY (SPECIES)
NATIONAL ASSESSMENT
This guide contains:
1.
Contents of the Biodiversity (Species) National Assessment
2.
User notes and abbreviations
3.
Bibliography
1. CONTENTS
This National Assessment consists of the following spreadsheets:
Mammals, reptiles and amphibians
General information
Management requirements
Birds
General information and management requirements
Freshwater fish
General information
Management requirements
Invertebrates
General information
Management requirements
Vascular plants
General information
Management requirements
Mosses
General information
Management requirements
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Liverworts
General information
Management requirements
Algae
General information
Management requirements
Fungi
General information
Management requirements
Lichens
General information
Management requirements
2. USER NOTES & ABBREVIATIONS
(a) General
The spreadsheets provide information for each of the 21 zones used in Natural
Heritage Futures and for Scotland as a whole.
The spreadsheets include all species which occur in Scotland and are listed in
Annexes 1 and 2 of the EC Wild Birds and Habitats Directives, or as Biodiversity
Action Plan Priority species. Additional entries are also included for some
taxonomic groups, including species which are highlighted as Red or Amber in
Red Data Books, or which are otherwise of conservation concern. Some
spreadsheets also include relatively common species which are characteristic of
particular habitats or zones.
Data are compiled from a range of published and unpublished reports and other
sources (see bibliography).
Zone boundaries cut across 10km squares, possibly resulting in some incorrect
attributions of species to particular zones. Zones include adjacent inshore marine
waters.
IUCN red list categories:
EX
extinct
EW
extinct in the wild
CR
critically endangered
EN
endangered
VU
vulnerable
LR
lower risk (divided into the following 3 subcategories)
cd
conservation dependent
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nt
near threatened
lc
least concern
DD
data deficient
NE
not evaluated
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Targets:
1
Action plan – Scottish Biodiversity Group in the lead
2
Action plan
3
Management strategy required, may involve specific research and/or
proactive management prescriptions
4
Species statement
5
Survey
6
Maintain status quo - monitor
7
Publicize species and/or collect records
Pressures:
NB: Pressures listed are indicative and include some potential as well as current
influences.
Symbol
Influence
acid
acidification
affor
afforestation
agch
agricultural changes
barr
barrier to migration
boat
pleasure boating
capt
incidental capture
clch
climate change; global warming
coll
collecting
comp
competition
copp
coppicing
ded
Dutch elm disease
dehy
drying out
destr
habitat loss
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distu
disturbance
drain
drainage
dsse
disease
dvlp
development
eutr
eutrophication
exgr
fencing, i.e. exclusion of grazing
exot
threat from exotic species
for’y
forestry
frag
habitat fragmentation
fifa
fish farming
graz
grazing
grch
grazing changes
hbch
habitat change
hybr
hybridisation/genetic introgression
isol
small / isolated population
mrbn
muirburn
ovfi
overfishing
vgr
overgrazing
none
none known
peat
peat extraction
pers
persecution
pest
incidental effect of pesticides
poll
pollution
pred
predation
prsc
persecution (birds spreadsheet)
rats
predation by introduced mammals
riv
changes to river management
rta
road traffic accident
roost
loss of (bat) roosts
sal
changes in salinity
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sed
sedimentation
shad
shading
silv
unsympathetic/inappropriate silviculture
stoc
stocking
succ
natural succession
tram
trampling
ungr
undergrazing
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(b) Mammals, reptiles and amphibians
Reliability estimates:
With improved census techniques;
1
Estimate is unlikely to vary by >10%
2
Estimate is unlikely to vary by > 25%
3
Estimate is unlikely to vary by > 50%
4
Estimate based on very limited knowledge, improved information
could vary the estimate substantially
5
Inadequate data but estimate believed to be of the right order of
magnitude.
(c) Birds
Data on distribution and status of all species draw heavily on Atlas
accounts of breeding and wintering birds in Britain and Ireland and carry
the caveats on geographical coverage, sampling distortions, analytical
bias etc contained in the original work. Many bird populations are highly
mobile and their status within individual zones can change relatively
rapidly.
Presence in 10km squares in Scotland & GB only includes confirmed
breeding attempts from both geographic areas.
The presence of either classified or proposed SPAs for particular species
does not necessarily equate with species presence within SPAs.
Much of the standard reference material on birds uses a standard
taxonomic order starting with divers and ending with buntings. The
numbers in the first column allow sorting into this order if preferred.
RDB status is listed as Red, Amber or Green.
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Qualifying criteria for Red status are as follows:
1. Decline in UK breeding population over previous 25 years > or = 50%
2. Contraction in UK breeding range over 25 years > or = 50%
3. Historical population decline during 1800 - 1995
4. Decline in UK non-breeding population over previous 25 years > or = 50%
5. Species of Global Conservation Concern (in Scotland, corncrake and Scottish
crossbill) (Collar et al. 1994)
Qualifying criteria for Amber listing are as follows:
1. Decline in UK breeding population over previous 25 years between 25 - 49%
2. Contraction in UK breeding range over 25 years between 25 - 49%
3. Decline in UK non-breeding population over previous 25 years 25 - 49%
4. Five year mean of between 0.2 and 300 breeding pairs in UK
5. UK holds > or = 20% of European breeding population
6. UK holds > or = 20% NW European (wildfowl), East Atlantic Flyway (waders)
or European (others) non-breeding populations
7. >50% of UK breeding population at ten or fewer sites (but not 4 above)
8. >50% of UK non-breeding population at ten or fewer sites
9. Species with unfavourable conservation status (Collar et al. 1994)
European Threat Status (ETS):
NB: All population size thresholds refer to minimum population estimates. Based
on Tucker & Heath (1994).
Insufficiently known
Suspected to be localised, declining, rare, vulnerable or endangered (as below)
but insufficient information available to attribute an ETS.
Secure
Population more than 10,000 breeding pairs or 40,000 wintering birds, and
neither in moderate or large decline nor localised.
Localised
Population more than 10,000 breeding pairs or 40,000 wintering birds, and
neither in moderate or large decline but with more than 90% of the population
occuring at 10 or fewer sites.
Declining
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Population in moderate decline and more than 10,000 breeding pairs or 40,000
wintering individuals.
Rare
Population neither in moderate nor large decline but fewer than 10,000 breeding
pairs and not marginal to a larger non-European population; or European
wintering population and entire flyway population less than 40,000 birds.
Vulnerable
Any of the following:
1. Population in large decline and of more than 10,000 breeding pairs or 40,000
wintering individuals.
2. Populations in moderate decline and population fewer than 10,000 breeding
pairs and not marginal to a larger non-European population, or European
wintering and entire flyway population fewer than 40,000 birds.
3. Population neither in moderate or large decline but fewer than 2,500 breeding
pairs and not marginal to a larger non-European population; or European
wintering and entire flyway population fewer than 10,000 birds.
Endangered
Any of the following:
1. Population in large decline and population fewer than 10,000 breeding pairs
and not marginal to a larger non-European population, or European wintering and
entire flyway population fewer than 40,000 birds.
2. Population in moderate decline and population fewer than 2,500 breeding
pairs and not marginal to a larger non-European population, or European
wintering and entire flyway population fewer than 10,000 birds.
3. Population neither in moderate or large decline but fewer than 250 breeding
pairs and not marginal to a larger non-European population; or European
wintering and entire flyway population fewer than 1000 birds.
Trends:
NB: Based on change maps included in the Breeding Atlas and other information
on non-breeding numbers.
I
Relatively substantial increase between reference years
D
Relatively substantial decrease
i
Less marked increase
d
Less marked decrease
(d) Freshwater fish
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No Red Data Book for freshwater fish has yet been produced in Britain.
The threat categories therefore update the assessment of Maitland & Lyle
(1991) using the IUCN (1994) criteria.
Habitats:
NB: Fish which occur regularly in fresh water can occupy a variety of habitats including estuaries and the sea - at various times in their life histories.
Broad habitats
OS
Standing open waters
OR
Rivers & streams
ES
Estuaries
CO
Coastal waters
OO
Oceanic seas
Key habitats
MS
Mesotrophic waters
EU
Eutrophic waters
OL
Oligotrophic waters
LO
Eroding waters (lotic)
LE
Depositing waters (lentic)
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Note: This bibliography does not include include uniform coverage across all taxa
and will therefore be expanded in subsequent editions.
Balharry, E. A., McGowan, G.M., Kruuk, H. & Halliwell, E. 1996. Distribution of
pine martens in Scotland as determined by field survey and questionaire. (SNH
Research, Survey and Monitoring Series Report 48)
Church, J.M., Coppins, B.J., Gilbert, O.L., James, P.W. & Stewart, N.F. (1996).
Red Data Books of Britain and Ireland: lichens. Volume 1: Britain. Joint Nature
Conservation Committee, Peterborough
Coppins, B.J. &. Coppins, A. M. (1999). Hypogimnia vittata (ach.) Parvique
(1898). British Lichen Society Bulletin 84 (in press)
Easterbee, N., Hepburn, L.V. & Jefferies, D.J. (1991). Survey of the status and
distribution of the wildcat in Scotland, 1983 -1987. Edinburgh, NCCS
Fryday, A. (1995). Buellia papillata (Sommerf) Tuck. British Lichen Society
Bulletin 76, p. 48
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Fryday, A. & Coppins, B.J. (1996). Three new species in the Catillariaceae from
the Highlands of Central Scotland. Lichenologist 28(6), 507-512
Gibbons D., Avery M., Baillie S., Gregory R., Kirby J., Porter G., Tucker G. and
Williams G. (1996) - Bird species of Conservation Concern in the United Kingdom,
Channel Islands and Isle of Man: revising the Red Data List. RSPB Conservation
Review 10. RSPB
Gibbons D.W., Reid J.B & Chapman R.A (1993) - The New Atlas of Breeding
Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988-1991. Poyser
Green, R. & Green, J. 1997. Otter Survey of Scotland 1991-1994. London,
Vincent Wildlife Trust
Greven, H.C. (1994). Grimmia tergestina Tomm., new to Britain. Journal of
Bryology 18: 368
Harris, S., Morris, P., Wray, S. & Yalden, D. (1995). A Review of British
Mammals. Peterborough, JNCC
Haddow, J. (unpublished): data supplied on behalf of the Scottish bat groups
supplemented by SNH bat roost data
Hill, M.O., Preston, C.D. & Smith, A.J.E. (1991). Atlas of Bryophytes of Britain
and Ireland: Volume 1, liverworts. Harley Books, Colchester
Hill, M.O., Preston, C.D. & Smith, A.J.E. (1992). Atlas of Bryophytes of Britain
and Ireland: Volume 2, mosses (except Diplolepideae). Harley Books, Colchester
Hill, M.O., Preston, C.D. & Smith, A.J.E. (1994). Atlas of Bryophytes of Britain
and Ireland: Volume 3, mosses (Diplolepideae). Harley Books, Colchester
Hodgetts, N. (1997). The Pink Book of Plants: Lists of Vascular and NonVascular Plant Species Which Are Nationally Threatened, Localised or Protected
in Great Britain. JNCC, Peterborough
Irvine, L.M. & Chamberlain, Y.M. (1994). Seaweeds of the British Isles Volume 1
Rhodophyta, Part 2b Corallinales, Hildenbrandiales. Natural History Museum,
London
IUCN (1994 and 1996). Red List categories. IUCN, The World Conservation
Union, Gland, Switzerland
Lack P (1986) - The Atlas of Wintering Birds in Britain and Ireland. Poyser
Lyle, A.A. & Maitland, P.S. (1992). Conservation of freshwater fish in the British
Isles: the status of fish in National Nature Reserves. Aquatic Conservation. 2, 1934
Lyle, A.A. & Maitland, P.S. (1994). The importance of Loch Lomond National
Nature Reserve for fish. Hydrobiologia. 290, 103-104
Lyle, A.A. & Maitland, P.S. (1995). A questionnaire survey of inshore catches of
shad, smelt and sturgeon in Scotland. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage,
Edinburgh
Lyle, A.A. & Maitland, P.S. (1998). Conservation of Arctic Charr in southern
Scotland by translocation to additional sites. Proceedings of the 7th ISACF
Workshop on Arctic Charr. 1992, 75-85
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Lyle, A.A., Maitland, P.S. & Sweetman, K.E. (1996). The spawning migration of
the Smelt Osmerus eperlanus in the River Cree, S.W. Scotland. Biological
Conservation
Lyle, A.A., Maitland, P.S. & Winfield, I.J. (1997). Re-introduction of Vendace:
Phase I. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh
Lyle, A.A., Maitland, P.S. & Winfield, I.J. (1998). Re-introduction of Vendace:
Phase II. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage. Edinburgh
Maitland, P.S. (1966). Present status of known populations of the Vendace,
Coregonus vandesius Richardson, in Great Britain. Nature, London. 210 216-217
Maitland, P.S. (1966). The fish fauna of the Castle and Mill Lochs, Lochmaben,
with special reference to the Lochmaben Vendace, Coregonus vandesius
Richardson. Transactions of the Dumfriesshire & Galloway Natural History &
Antiquarian Society. 43 31-48
Maitland, P.S. (1967). The artificial fertilisation and rearing of the eggs of
Coregonus clupeoides Lacepede. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
70 82-106
Maitland, P.S. (1967). Echo sounding observations on the Lochmaben Vendace,
Coregonus vandesius Richardson. Transactions of the Dumfriesshire & Galloway
Natural History & Antiquarian Society. 44 29-46
Maitland, P.S. (1969). The reproduction and fecundity of the Powan, Coregonus
clupeoides Lacepede, in Loch Lomond, Scotland. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh. 70 233-264
Maitland, P.S. (1980). Review of the ecology of lampreys in northern Europe.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 37 1944-1952
Maitland, P.S. (1980). Scarring of Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) by European
River Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) in Loch Lomond, Scotland. Canadian Journal
of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 37 1981-1988
Maitland, P.S. (1983). The Arctic Charr in Scotland. Proceedings of the 2nd
ISACF Workshop on Arctic Charr. 1982 102-106
Maitland, P.S. (1985). Criteria for the selection of important sites for freshwater
fish in the British Isles. Biological Conservation 31 335-353
Maitland, P.S. (1985). The potential impact of fish culture on wild stocks of
Atlantic Salmon in Scotland. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology Symposium 15, 73-78
Maitland, P.S. (1986). Conservation of threatened freshwater fish in Europe.
Report to the Council of Europe, Strasbourg
Maitland, P.S. (1989). The genetic impact of farmed Atlantic Salmon on wild
populations. Edinburgh: Nature Conservancy Council
Maitland, P.S. (1989). The mysterious whitefishes. Salmon, Trout & Sea-trout.
Nov. 1989, 34-35
Maitland, P.S. (1989). The run of the mayfish. Salmon, Trout & Sea-trout. Dec.
1989, 36-38
Maitland, P.S. (1990). Cause for concern? The need for sensible management of
our Atlantic salmon stocks. Discover Scotland 37 1037
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Maitland, P.S. (1991). Climate change and fish in northern Europe: some possible
scenarios. Proceedings of the Institute of Fisheries Management, Annual Study
Course. 22, 97-110
Maitland, P.S. (1992). The status of Arctic Charr, Salvelinus alpinus L., in
southern Scotland: a cause for concern. Freshwater Forum 2 212-227
Maitland, P.S. (1993). Sites in Great Britain for freshwater and estuarine fish on
the EC Habitats and Species Directive. Report to JNCC, Peterborough
Maitland, P.S. (1995). The ecological requirements of threatened and declining
freshwater fish species in the United Kingdom. Report to JNCC, Peterborough
Maitland, P.S. (1995). Powan Coregonus lavaretus and Arctic Charr Salvelinus
alpinus in Loch Eck, Argyll. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage, Clydebank
Maitland, P.S. (1995). World status and conservation of the Arctic Charr
Salvelinus alpinus (L.). Nordic Journal of Freshwater Research. 71, 113-127
Maitland, P.S. (1996). Spawning habitat of Vendace Coregonus albula: a review
and management options for Bassenthwaite Lake and Derwentwater. Report to
English Nature, Windermere
Maitland, P.S. (1997). Species Action Plans for lampreys in England. Report to
English Nature, Peterborough
Maitland, P.S. (1998). Species Action Plan: River Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis).
Report to Edinburgh District Council, Edinburgh
Maitland, P.S. (1998). Conservation and management of Arctic Charr in Scotland:
wise use of a valuable resource. Proceedings of the 7th ISACF Workshop on
Arctic Charr. 1992, 95-110
Maitland, P.S. (1999). Freshwater fishes of Britain and Europe. Hamlyn, London
Maitland, P.S., Greer, R.B., Campbell, R.N. & Friend, G.F. (1984). The status and
biology of Arctic Charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), in Scotland. Proceedings of the
International Symposium on Arctic Charr, Winnipeg. 1981, 1, 193-215
Maitland, P.S., Morris, K.H., East, K., Schoonoord, M.P., Van der Wal, B. &
Potter, I.C. (1984). The estuarine biology of the River Lamprey, Lampetra
fluviatilis, in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, with particular reference to size
composition and feeding. Journal of Zoology, London 203, 211-225
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action on six declining species. Journal of Fish Biology. 37, 255-256
Maitland, P.S. & Lyle, A.A. (1990). Conservation of Sparling and other fish in
Scotland. Journal of the Edinburgh Natural History Society. 1990, 16-18
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Isles: the current status and biology of threatened species. Aquatic Conservation.
1, 25-54
Maitland, P.S. & Lyle, A.A. (1992). Conservation of freshwater fish in the British
Isles: proposals for management. Aquatic Conservation. 2, 165-183
Maitland, P.S. & Lyle, A.A. (1996). The smelt in Scotland. Freshwater Forum. 6,
57-68
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Maitland, P.S. & Lyle, A.A. (1995). Shad and smelt in the Cree estuary, S.W.
Scotland. Report to Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh
Maitland, P.S., May, L., Jones, D.H. & Doughty, C.R. (1991). Ecology and
conservation of Arctic Charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), in Loch Doon, an acidifying
loch in southwest Scotland. Biological Conservation. 55, 167-197
Maitland, P.S., Morris, K.H. & East, K. (1994). The ecology of lampreys
(Petromyzonidae) in the Loch Lomond area. Hydrobiologia. 290, 105-120
NERC (1997) Advice on the status of British common seal populations, 1997.
(Confidential report)
NERC (1997) Advice on the status of British grey seal populations, 1997.
(Confidential report)
Ochyra, R. (1989). Animadversions on the moss genus Cratoneuron (Sull.)
Spruce. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 67: 203-242
Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawkesworth, D.L., James, P.W. & Moore, D.M.
(Editors). (1992). The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History
Museum, London
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W, Elston D A and Ahmadi S 1994 Status of the adder (Vipera berus) in
Scotland. SNH Research, Survey and Monitoring Series No.38
Seaward, M.R.D. (Editor). (1995). The Lichen Atlas of the British Isles. Fascicle
1: Parmelia. The British Lichen Society, London
Seaward, M.R.D. (Editor). (1996). The Lichen Atlas of the British Isles. Fascicle
2: Cladonia. The British Lichen Society, London
Seaward, M.R.D. (Editor). (1998). The Lichen Atlas of the British Isles. Fascicle
3: The foliose Physciaceae (Anaptychia, Heterodermia, Hyperphyscia,
Phaeophyscia, Physcia, Physonia, Tornabea), Arctomia, Lobaria, Massalongia,
Pseudocyphellaria, Solorina, Sticta, Teloschistes.. The British Lichen Society,
London
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Press
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Press
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Stewart, N.F. & Church, J.M. (1992). Red Data Books of Britain & Ireland:
Stoneworts. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough
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datasets relating to great crested newt and red squirrel (incorporating data from
SNH, Forestry Commission and BRISC).
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Britain Journal of Bryology 18: 277-280
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Vincent Wildlife Trust (1996-1998): water vole survey data, supplemented by
additional SNH survey data (Aberdeenshire) and R. Cottis (Skye)
Vincent Wildlife Trust (1998) The Polecat
Walters R.J., Cranswick P.A., Musgrove A.J. and Pollitt M.S. (1998) - The
Wetland
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BTO/WWT/RSPB/JNCC, Slimbridge
Wilson, G., Harris, S. & McLaren, G. (1997). Changes to the British badger
population, 1988 to 1997. People's Trust for Endangered Species, London.
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