Download Circular Muscles

Head and
Neck
Anatomy
Dr. Motaz Shieban
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Muscles of tongue
• each half of the tongue contain two type of muscles i.e. four intrinsic and
four extrinsic
extrinsic muscles :
• genioglossus M.
styloglossus M.
Paltoglossus M.
Hyloglossus M.
intrinsic muscles :
superior longitudinal M.
inferior longitudinal M.
transverse M.
vertical M.
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Soft palate Muscles
The five muscles of the soft palate, play important roles in swallowing
and breathing. The muscles are:
• Tensor veli palatini, which is involved in swalloing.
• Palatoglossus, involved in swallowing
• Palatopharyngeus, involved in breathing
• Levator veli palatini, involved in swallowing
• Musculus uvulae, which moves the uvula
These muscles are innervated by the pharyngeal plexus via the vagus nerve, with the
exception of the tensor veli palatini. The tensor veli palatini is innervated by cranial nerve
5 branch V3 (which is the mandibular division of the trigeminal cranial nerve).
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Palatoglossal Muscle
If you open the mouth and look at the tonsils on the side of the throat wall, you will see that
there is a vertical fold of tissue in front of and behind each tonsil. These are called the
anterior and posterior faucial pillars, or the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds,
respectively. Beneath the palatoglossal fold is the palatoglossal muscle. It originates from the
posterior end of the hard palate and the anterior end of the soft palate. The fibers run
downward, laterally, and forward to insert into the posterior and lateral part of the tongue.
When the palatoglossal muscle contracts, it pulls the sides of the tongue up and back, pulls
the soft palate down on the lateral edges, and narrows the space between the left and right
anterior faucial pillars. The nerve that supplies this muscle is a part of the eleventh (XI) cranial
nerve running with branches of the tenth (X) cranial nerve
• Palatopharyngeal Muscl
The posterior faucial pillar is formed by the palatopharyngeal muscle. It originates from the
posterolateral part of the soft palate and runs downward and laterally to insert into the
pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. When it contracts, it
narrows the posterior faucial pillar and elevates the pharynx and larynx. The nerve supply is
also the 10th and 11th cranial nerves
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View of the lateral throat wall looking
from the midline. Mucosa has been
removed and various muscles can be
seen. Palatoglossal and
palatopharyngeal muscles form anterior
and posterior pillars, respectively; the
palatine tonsil would lie between them
View of the lateral throat wall similar to above
but with mucosa in place. Anterior and
posterior pillars can be seen, as can the
opening of the auditory tube in the nasal
pharynx; the fold caused by the
salpingopharyngeal muscle runs down from it.
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• Muscles of Uvula
The uvula is the small fold of tissue that
hangs down in the throat from the
posterior part of the soft palate. It is
formed by two small bands of muscle
that originate from the posterior end
of the hard palate and run back and
down in the soft palate to form that
structure. When the muscle of the
uvula contracts, it shortens and
broadens the uvula and changes the
contour of the posterior end of the soft
palate so that it adapts to the posterior
throat wall when it is moved up against
it. This muscle is also innervated by the
eleventh and tenth cranial nerves
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Pharynx
The pharynx is a muscular tube that
connects the nasal cavities to the
larynx and oesophagus. It is common
to both the alimentary and the
respiratory tract.
The tube begins at the base of the
skull and ends inferior to the cricoid
cartilage (C6). It is comprised of three
parts; the nasopharynx, oropharynx
and laryngopharynx (from superior to
inferior).
When analysed cross-sectionally, it is
comprised of pharyngeal mucosa, an
incomplete ring of lymphoid tissue, a
longitudinal muscle layer, a circular
muscle layer and buccopharyngeal
fascia (from medial to lateral).
Muscles
There are two types of muscles that form
the walls of the pharynx – longitudinal
and circular. Both types are innervated by
the vagus nerve, except for the
stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by
the glossopharyngeal nerve
Circular Muscles
The circular muscles contract sequentially from superior to inferior to constrict the
lumen and propel the bolus of food inferiorly into the oesophagus.
They are stacked like glasses and are an incomplete muscular circle, anteriorly
attaching to structures in the neck.
They are all innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X):
Superior pharyngeal constrictor is found
in the oropharynx.
Middle pharyngeal constrictor is found in
the laryngopharynx.
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor is found in
the laryngopharynx and has two
components. The superior component
(thyropharyngeus) has oblique fibres that
attach to the thyroid cartilage and the inferior
component (cricopharyngeus) has horizontal
fibres that attach to the cricoid cartilage.
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Lateral view of the deep structures of the pharynx.
Visible are the circular muscles of the pharynx, and
the stylopharyngeus.
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Longitudinal Muscles
The longitudinal muscles shorten and widen the pharynx, and elevate the larynx during
swallowing.
• Stylopharyngeus: from the styloid process
of the temporal bone to the pharynx,
innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve
(CN IX)
• Palatopharyngeus: from hard palate of the
oral cavity to the pharynx, innervated by
the vagus nerve (CN X)
• Salpingopharyngeus: from the Eustachian
tube to the pharynx, innervated by the
vagus nerve (CN X). In addition to
contributing to swallowing, it also opens
the Eustachian tube to equalize the
pressure in the middle ear with the
atmosphere
Posterior view of the pharynx. The pharynx has been split down
the midline and opened, to show the longitundinal muscles
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Divisions
Divisions
Lower Limit of
Nasopharynx Lower border of soft palate or
Junction b/w hard & soft palate
Oropharynx
Tip of epiglottis or
Body of hyoid bone or
Base of vallecula
Hypopharynx Lower border of cricoid or
Lower border of C6 vertebra
Muscles
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Structures Passing
Between Skull Base &
Superior Constrictor
(Sinus of Morgagni)
Eustachian tube + Levator
palatini + Tensor palatini +
Ascending palatine artery
Between Superior &
Middle Constrictors
Glossopharyngeal nerve &
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Between Middle &
Inferior Constrictors
Internal Laryngeal nerve &
Superior Laryngeal artery
Below Inferior
Constrictor
Recurrent Laryngeal nerve
& Inferior Laryngeal artery
Innervation
Blood Supply
Innervation of the majority of the pharynx is
achieved by the pharyngeal plexus, which
comprises of:
Branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve
(CN IX)
Branches of the vagus nerve (CN X)
Sympathetic fibres of the superior cervical
ganglion.
Sensory: Each of the three sections of the
pharynx have a different innervation:
The nasopharynx is innervated by the
maxillary nerve (CN V2).
The oropharynx by the glossopharyngeal
nerve (CN IX).
The laryngopharynx by the vagus nerve
(CN X).
Motor: All the muscles of the pharynx are
innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X),
except for the stylopharyngeus, which is
innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve
(CN IX).
Arterial supply is via branches of the
external carotid artery: ascending
pharyngeal, lingual, facial and
maxillary arteries.
Venous drainage is achieved by the
pharyngeal venous plexus, which
drains into the internal jugular vein.
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Nerve Supply
 Nasopharynx: pterygo-palatine ganglion (V2)
 Oropharynx: glossopharyngeal & vagus nv
 Hypopharynx: Superior & recurrent laryngeal nv
All muscles by pharyngeal nerve plexus (vagus nv
carrying cranial part of accessory nv) except
stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal nv) &
cricopharyngeus (also by recurrent laryngeal)
Arterial Supply
1) Facial artery
2) Lingual artery
3) Ascending pharyngeal artery
4) Ascending palatine artery
5) Greater palatine artery
6) Artery of pterygoid canal
7) Superior laryngeal artery
Venous Drainage
Upper pharynx:
• Pharyngeal venous plexus situated on middle
constrictor  pterygoid venous plexus & internal
jugular vein
Lower pharynx:
• Inferior thyroid veins
Lymphatic Drainage
 Nasopharynx: upper deep cervical + retropharyngeal + parapharyngeal +
posterior triangle
 Oropharynx: upper deep cervical + retropharyngeal + parapharyngeal
 Hypopharynx: deep cervical + parapharyngeal +
paratracheal + supraclavicular
ANTERIOR NECK
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ANTERIOR NECK
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ANTERIOR NECK
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POSTERIOR NECK
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POSTERIOR NECK , Clinical View
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POSTERIOR NECK , Clinical View
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What did you learn ?
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