Download Deep Neck Space Infections

Deep Neck Space Infections
Jeffrey Buyten, MD
Faculty Advisor: Francis B. Quinn, Jr., MD
The University of Texas Medical Branch
Department of Otolaryngology
Grand Rounds Presentation
October 5, 2005
Outline
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Anatomy
 Fascial planes
 Spaces
Epidemiology
Etiology
Clinical presentation
Imaging
Bacteriology
Therapy
 Medical
 Surgical
Complications
 Mediastinitis
ανατομία
Cervical Fascia
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Superficial Layer
Deep Layer
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Subdivisions not
histologically separate
Superficial
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Middle
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Enveloping layer
Investing layer
Visceral fascia
Prethyroid fascia
Pretracheal fascia
Deep
Superficial Layer
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Superior attachment –
zygomatic process
Inferior attachment –
thorax, axilla.
Similar to
subcutaneous tissue
Ensheathes platysma
and muscles of facial
expression
Superficial Layer of the Deep Cervical Fascia
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Completely surrounds the
neck.
Arises from spinous processes.
Superior border – nuchal line,
skull base, zygoma, mandible.
Inferior border – chest and
axilla
Splits at mandible and covers
the masseter laterally and the
medial surface of the medial
pterygoid.
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Envelopes
 SCM
 Trapezius
 Submandibular
 Parotid
Forms floor of submandibular
space
Superficial Layer of the Deep Cervical Fascia
Middle Layer of the Deep Cervical Fascia
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Visceral Division
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Superior border
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Inferior border – continuous with
fibrous pericardium in the upper
mediastinum.
Buccopharyngeal fascia
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Anterior – hyoid and thyroid cartilage
Posterior – skull base
Name for portion that covers the
pharyngeal constrictors and
buccinator.
Envelopes
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Thyroid
Trachea
Esophagus
Pharynx
Larynx
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Muscular Division
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Superior border – hyoid and
thyroid cartilage
Inferior border – sternum, clavicle
and scapula
Envelopes infrahyoid strap
muscles
Middle Layer of the Deep Cervical Fascia
Deep Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
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Arises from spinous processes and ligamentum
nuchae.
Splits into two layers at the transverse
processes:
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Alar layer
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Superior border – skull base
Inferior border – upper mediastinum at T1-T2
Prevertebral layer
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Superior border – skull base
Inferior border – coccyx
Envelopes vertebral bodies and deep muscles of the neck.
Extends laterally as the axillary sheath.
Deep Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
Carotid Sheath
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Formed by all three layers of deep fascia
Anatomically separate from all layers.
Contains carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve
“Lincoln’s Highway”
Travels through pharyngomaxillary space.
Extends from skull base to thorax.
Deep Neck Spaces
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Described in relation to the hyoid.
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Entire length of neck
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Suprahyoid
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Superficial space
Retropharyngeal
Danger
Prevertebral
Vascular visceral
Submandibular
Pharyngomaxillary (Parapharyngeal)
Parotid
Peritonsillar
Temporal
Masticator
Infrahyoid
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Anterior visceral
Superficial Space
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Entire length of neck
Surrounds platysma
Contains areolar tissue,
nodes, nerves and vessels
Subplatysmal Flaps
Involved with cellulitis and
superficial abscesses
Treat with incision along
Langer’s lines, drainage
and antibiotics
Retropharyngeal Space
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Entire length of neck.
Anterior border - pharynx and
esophagus (buccopharyngeal
fascia)
Posterior border - alar layer of
deep fascia
Superior border - skull base
Inferior border – superior
mediastinum
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Combines with buccopharyngeal
fascia at level of T1-T2
Midline raphe connects superior
constrictor to the deep layer of
deep cervical fascia.
Contains retropharyngeal nodes.
Space
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Entire length of
neck
Anterior border alar layer of deep
fascia
Posterior border prevertebral layer
Extends from skull
base to diaphragm
Contains loose
areolar tissue.
Prevertebral Space
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Entire length of neck
Anterior border prevertebral fascia
Posterior border vertebral bodies and deep
neck muscles
Lateral border –
transverse processes
Extends along entire
length of vertebral
column
Visceral Vascular Space
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Entire length of neck
Carotid Sheath
“Lincoln Highway”
Lymphatic vessels can
receive drainage from
most of lymphatic
vessels in head and
neck.
Submandibular Space
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Suprahyoid
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2 compartments
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Superior – oral mucosa
Inferior - superficial layer
of deep fascia
Anterior border –
mandible
Lateral border - mandible
Posterior - hyoid and
base of tongue
musculature
Sublingual space
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Areolar tissue
Hypoglossal and lingual
nerves
Sublingual gland
Wharton’s duct
Submaxillary space
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Anterior bellies of digastrics
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Submental compartment
Submaxillary
compartments
Submandibular gland
Submandibular Space
Pharyngomaxillary space
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Suprahyoid
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aka – Parapharyngeal space
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Superior—skull base
Inferior—hyoid
Anterior—ptyergomandibular
raphe
Posterior—prevertebral fascia
Medial—buccopharyngeal
fascia
Lateral—superficial layer of
deep fascia
Pharyngomaxillary space
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Prestyloid
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Poststyloid
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Muscular compartment
Medial—tonsillar fossa
Lateral—medial pterygoid
Contains fat, connective
tissue, nodes
Neurovascular compartment
Carotid sheath
Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII
Sympathetic chain
Stylopharyngeal aponeurosis of
Zuckerkandel and Testut
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Alar, buccopharyngeal and
stylomuscular fascia.
Prevents infectious spread
from anterior to posterior.
Pharyngomaxillary Space
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Communicates
with several deep
neck spaces.
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Parotid
Masticator
Peritonsillar
Submandibular
Retropharyngeal
Peritonsillar Space
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Suprahyoid
Medial—capsule of
palatine tonsil
Lateral—superior
pharyngeal constrictor
Superior—anterior tonsil
pillar
Inferior—posterior tonsil
pillar
Masticator and Temporal Spaces
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Suprahyoid
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Formed by superficial layer of deep
cervical fascia
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Masticator space
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Antero-lateral to pharyngomaxillary
space.
Contains
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Masseter
Pterygoids
Body and ramus of the mandible
Inferior alveolar nerves and vessels
Tendon of the temporalis muscle
Temporal space
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Continuous with masticator space.
Lateral border – temporalis fascia
Medial border – periosteum of
temporal bone
Superficial and deep spaces divided
by temporalis muscle
Parotid Space
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Suprahyoid
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Superficial layer of deep fascia
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Dense septa from capsule into
gland
Direct communication to
parapharyngeal space
Contains
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External carotid artery
Posterior facial vein
Facial nerve
Lymph nodes
Anterior Visceral Space
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Infrahyoid
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aka – pretracheal space
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Enclosed by visceral division of
middle layer of deep fascia
Contains thyroid
Surrounds trachea
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Superior border - thyroid
cartilage
Inferior border - anterior
superior mediastinum down to
the arch of the aorta.
Posterior border – anterior wall
of esophagus
Communicates laterally with
the retropharyngeal space
below the thyroid gland.
Epidemiology
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All patients
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Avg age b/w 40-50.
More predominant in
patients over 50 years.
Pediatric patrents
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Infants to teens.
Male predilection in some
case series.
Most common age group:
3-5 years.
Etiology
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Odontogenic
Tonsillitis
IV drug injection
Trauma
Foreign body
Sialoadenitis
Parotitis
Osteomyelitis
Epiglottitis
URI
Iatrogenic
Congenital anomalies
Idiopathic
Clinical presentation
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Most common symptoms
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Most common symptoms (exluding peritonsillar abscesses)
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Sore throat (72%)
Odynophagia (63%)
Neck swelling (70%)
Neck Pain (63%)
Pediatric
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Fever
Decreased PO
Odynophagia
Malaise
Torticollis
Neck pain
Otalgia
HA
Trismus
Neck swelling
Vocal quality change
Worsening of snoring, sleep apnea
Imaging
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Lateral neck plain film
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Screening exam
No benefit in pts with
DNI based on strong
clinical suspicion.
Normal:
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Technique dependent
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7mm at C-2
14mm at C-6 for kids
22mm at C-6 for adults
Extension
Inspiration
Sensitivity 83%,
compared to CT 100%
Imaging
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MRI
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Pros
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MRI superior to CT in
initial assessment
More precise identification
of space involvement
(multiplanar)
Better detection of
underlying lesion
Less dental artifact
Better for floor of mouth
No radiation
Non iodine contrast
Cons
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Cost
Pt cooperation
Slower (19 to 35 minutes)
CT with contrast
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Pros
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Widely available
Faster (5-15 minutes)
Abscess vs cellulitis
Less expensive
Cons
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Contrast
Radiation
Uniplanar
Dental artifacts
Imaging
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Regular cavity wall with
ring enhancement (RE)
 Sensitivity - 89%
 Specificity - 0%
Irregular wall
(scalloped)
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Sensitivity - 64%
Specificity - 82%
PPV - 94%
Bacteriology
Aerobic
G (+)
n
%
G (-)
n
%
Total
645
87.40
Total
137
18.56
Strep sp.
229
31.03
Klebsiella sp.
90
Staph sp.
112
15.18
Neisseria sp.
B-hemolytic Strep
80
10.84
Strep viridans
71
Staph aureus
Anaerobic
n
%
Total
201
27.24
12.20
Peptostreptococcus
43
5.83
20
2.71
Bacteroides sp.
50
6.78
Acinebacter sp.
7
0.95
Unidentified
46
6.23
9.62
Enterobacter sp.
7
0.95
Bacteroides melaninogenicus
13
1.76
57
7.72
Proteus sp.
4
0.54
Propionibacterium
9
1.22
Coagulase neg. Staph sp.
55
7.45
E coli
3
0.41
Provotella sp.
7
0.95
Strep pneum
13
1.76
Citrobacter sp
2
0.27
Fusobacterium
7
0.95
Enterococcus
10
1.36
M. Catarrhalis
2
0.27
Bacteroidies fragilis
6
0.81
Mycobacterium tub.*
10
1.36
Pseudomonas sp.
1
0.14
Eubacterium
6
0.81
Micrococcus
8
1.08
H. Parainfluenza
1
0.14
Peptococcus
6
0.81
Diptheroids
7
0.95
H influenzae
1
0.14
Veillonella parvula
5
0.68
Bacillus sp.
6
0.81
Salmonella sp.
1
0.14
Clostridium sp.
4
0.54
Actinomycosis israelii
3
0.41
Lactobacillus
4
0.54
Bifidobacterium sp.
3
0.41
Polymicrobial
181
24.53
Sterile
71
9.62
Modified and combined data from 738 patients (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
Antibiotic Therapy
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Initial therapy
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Cover Gram positive cocci and anaerobes
If pt is diabetic, should consider covering
gram negatives empirically.
Unasyn, Clindamycin, 2nd generation
cephalosporin.
PCN, gentamicin and flagyl - developing
nations.
IV abx alone (based on retro and
parapharyngeal infections)
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Patient stability and nature of lesion.
Cellulitis/phlegmon by CT.
Abscesses in clinically stable patient.
If no clinical improvement in 24 - 48
hours proceed to surgical intervention.
Surgery
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External drainage
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Landmarks
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Transoral drainage
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Tip of greater horn of hyoid
Cricoid cartilage
Styloid process
SCM
Parapharyngeal,
retropharyngeal abscesses
Great vessels lateral to
abscess
Tonsillectomy for exposure
Needle aspiration
Complications
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Airway obstruction
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Mediastinitis – 2.7%
UGI bleeding
Sepsis
Pneumonia
IJV thrombosis
Skin defect
Vocal cord palsy
Pleural effusion
Hemorrhage
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Trach 10 – 20%
Ludwig’s angina - 75%
20 - 80% mortality
Multiple space involvement
Who gets complications?
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Older pts
Systemic dz
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Immunodeficient pts
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HIV
Myelodysplasia
Cirrhosis
DM
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Most common systemic
Mbio – Klebsiella pneum. (56%)
33% with complications
Higher mortality rate
Prolonged hospital stay
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20 days vs. 10 days
Descending Necrotizing
Mediastinitis
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Definition – mediastinal infection in which pathology originates in
fascial spaces of head and neck and extends down.
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Criteria for diagnosis
1.
2.
3.
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Retropharyngeal and Danger Space – 71%
Visceral vascular – 20%
Anterior visceral – 7-8%
Clinical manifestation of severe infection.
Demonstration of the characteristic imaging features of mediastinitis.
Features of necrotizing mediastinal infection at surgery.
1960-89 – 43 published cases
Mortality rate 14-40%
Clinical Presentation
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Symptoms
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Respiratory difficulty
Tachycardia
Erythema/edema
Skin necrosis
Crepitus
Chest pain
Back pain
Shock
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Important to have a
low threshold for
further workup
Mediastinitis Imaging
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Plain films
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Widened mediastinum
(superiorly)
Mediastinal emphysema
Pleural effusions
Changes appear late in the
disease.
CT neck and thorax.
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Esophageal thickening
Obliterated normal fat planes
Air fluid levels
Pleural effusions
CT helps establish dx and
surgical plan
Treatment
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IV antibiotics
Cervical drainage
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Transthoracic drainage
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Abscesses below T4
Subxyphoid approach
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Cervical abscesses
Superior mediastinal abscesses
above T4 (tracheal bifurcation)
Anterior mediastinal drainage
Thoracostomy tubes
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