Download isolation and identification of bacteria associated

Isolation And Identification Of Bacteria Associated With
Wound Sepsis
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
List of tables
List of figures
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1
complication
1.2
Aim and objectives
1.3
Statement of problems
1.4
The significance of study
1.5
Hypothesis\
1.6
Scope of study
1.7
Limitation
2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature review
2.1
general incidence to wound sepsis
2.2
Actiological agends of wound sepsis
2.3
Diagnosis and pathogenesis of wound sepsis
2.4
Epideomology of wound sepsis
2.5
Age and sex incidence
2.6
Predisposing factor of wound sepsis
2.7
Chemo therapy of wound sepsis
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Materials and methods
3.1
materials and culture media used
3.2
Collection and processing sample
3.3
Method
3.4
Biochemical characterization isolates
3.5
Gram staining
3.6
Catalase test
3.7
Coagulase test
3.8
Motilidy test
3.9
Oxidse test
3.10 Indole test
3.11 Methyl red test
3.12 Phenylative deamination test
3
3.13 Citrase utilization test
3.14 Antibigram
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Discussion, suggestions, conclusions and recommendation.
5.1
Discussion
5.2
Suggestion
5.3
Conclusions
5.4
Recommendation
LIST OF TABLES
1.
Subjects smapled accoridng to inpatients, out patients, age and sex
distribution
2.
Subjects sampled according to types of wounds, age and sex
distribution
3.
Paterns of organisms isolated in wounds sepsis in Enugu
4.
Age and sex distribution of isolates in wound sepsis
5.
Bacterial pathogens causing wound sepsis in patients with sickle cell
disease in Enugu
4
6.
Pattern of bacterial pathogens causing wound sepsis in patients with
surgical wounds.
7.
Bacterial isolated in patients with Gunshot wound sepsis
8.
Bacterial isolated from patients with diabetes ulcers
9.
Antibiogram of bacterial isolates from wound sepsis in Enugu
10.
Biochemical reactions and identifications and identification test on
bacterial isolates from wound sepsis in Enugu
LIST OF FIGURES
1.
showing organisms isolated from wound sepsis in Enugu (piechart)
2.
Bacterial pathogenesis causing wound sepsis in patients with sickle
cell disease
3.
Bacterial pathogens causing wound sepsis in the patients with surgical
wounds (Barcharts)
4.
Bacterial isolates from patients with gunshot wound (bar chart)
5.
Bacterial isolates from patients with diabetic ulcer (Bar chart)
5
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Wound is any interruption, by violence or by surgery, in the
continuity of the external surfaces of the body or of the surface of any
internal or pan (madonald, 1990). According to him, legally, the whole
thickness of the skin must be broken, and creating an internal injury wound.
Is also a breach of a coetaneous, mucous or serious surface (Charles 1979).
Wound can also be defied as injury to the skin or underlying tissues or
organs by a blow or cut, missile or stab which includes injury to the skin
caused by chemicals,
cold, friction, heat, pressure and rays, and
manifestation in the skin of internal conditions such as pressure sure and
ulcers (Roper 1989).
Wound sepsis is the infection of wound by phylogenic organisms
(Roper, 1989). Wounds can be divided into Many types which includes (a)
Incised wounds: which are produced by sharp scuttling instruments (There
is aponeuetic fascia of the scalp and most operations wounds are of a this
category, Lacerased wounds which may be produced in category, Lacerased
wounds which may be produced in road accidents, by factory machinery.
This type of wound is frequently contaminated and it supplies an excellent
6
culture medium for microorganisms. There is more pain than in an incised
wound but bleeding may not be severe due to constriction of blood vessels.
Punctured wound which may be inflicted by sharp instrument, nails, edge’s
teeth, knives and bullets.
These wounds are specially susceptible to
injection from anaerobic organisms as those causing tetanus and gas
gangrene which start thriving when the aerotic organisms such as
staphylococcus and streptococcus have used up the available oxygen in the
deep tissues.
Poisoned wounds are those which occurs as a result of insect strings,
snake bites and dog bites and the inject bites produce swelling. Irritation
and dis-comfort caused and devitalized wounds are those that result for
industrial and severe road accidents and the area and depth of devitalized
tissue depends upon the area and weight of the coushing force and the
duration and velocity of impact.
Burns and scalids which results from the destruction of tissue by dry
heat fraction, electricity radiation or corrosive fluid while scald results from
the destruction of tissue by mist heat. Bruise and confusion is a superficient
injury without damage to the skin and the swelling, pain and dis comfort are
dye to the extra-vacation of blood into tissues. Colour changes occur as a
result of the moglobin oxidatron.
7
Haematoma is the collection of blood in the tissues which causes a
swelling which when pressed on surrounding structures, the haemotoma
become readily injected by micro-organism
Sprain is another wound type which involves the tearing of the
capsule and ligaments round a joint with subsequent exudation of fluids.
Wounds cab further be classified into clean wounds with the amount
of contamination being up 30% or more in dirty wounds. The class I (clean)
wounds which are non traumatic with no break in surgical technique without
any septic folus or viscera being opened. Classs II (clean contaminated)
wounds are non traumatic, with only minor breaker own in technique being
allowed orentry into a vucous without significant spillage. The class III
(contaminated) are traumatic wounds froma relatively clean source, or with a
major break in technique or significant spillage from an open viscous, or
when acute non- purulent infection is encountered. Class IV (dirty) wounds
are frammatic wounds from a dirty source following delayed treatment or
when acute bacterial contamination and releases of pus occur.
Micro organism of clinical importance can be isolated from wounds
and they include Achinomyces species. Bacteriodes species, clostridium
perfringes, Eschericha coli, other gram negative enteric bacilli, my
cobacterium
species,
pseudomonas
aerug,
nwa
proteus
vulgaaris,
8
staphlococcus aureus. Stapholococcus epidermis stretococcus faecalis,
clostridium fetani (Fischachi, 1987)
Wound sepis depends on the opportunities for infection in different
parts of the body which in turn depends on the normal bacteria flora of the
part, the size of the wound, duration of the operation increase in the length
of stay in the hospital and can even result in patients death
1.1
COMPLICATION
Complication arising from wound sepsis are suppurations which
results when there is an imbalance between the infective agent on one hand
and the defensive reaction on the other.
The other complications are
cellulite which is characterized by a spreading infection, necrosis and
sloughing; septicemia, pyaemia and kaolin formation chilling worth et al
1979). Others that can also result from wound sepsis are gas gangrene,
clostridia mystics, clostridical crepitate celluslitis which is a type of mixed
infection usually found as a complication of wounds characterized by
necrosis of the aveolar and fascia tissues with progressive gangrenous
changes in the skin secondary in thrombosis or nutrient vessels repetition of
the wound result from the formation of gas by the bacteria synergistic
gangrene which is a mixed infection caused by the synergistic action of the
9
acrobic hemolytic staphylococcus aurous and micro Europhilic haemolytic
streptococcus also occur as a senous complication peritonitis, perforation
and absences formation are other complications.
Wound sepsis can be
complicated by mixed infection in which yeast and often fungal infection are
involved (sabistan 1981) . other complications are diabetic micro antipathy
which involves the small vessels and capillaries an further complicate
diabetes Nellutus.
Distinct and definitive thickening of the usement member
inflammatory changes occur lading to the impairment of the resistant of the
skin to secondary infections and delay the rate of healing following injures.
Arkrosclerosis is another major complication of diabetes mellitus.
Corponary Vessels are affected producing myscardid infection are the
vessels of the lower extremities producing gangrene of the toes and feets.
The precipitating causes of gangrene of the lower extremities resulting in
ulceration, infliction and subbasement gangrene..
In the case of sickle cell disease leg ulcers, there is general reduction
in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood resulting. In tissue dypoxia and
parenthesis of the extremities occurs but although certain compensatory
adjustment of the circulation occur the patients can become immemorially
compromised in cases of secondary infections due to blocking of small
10
vessels by sickled cells and infare of bones and joints which enhances the
continued preponderance of any infecting organism (Anderson 1985).
This work is therefore an attempt to investigate bacteria associated
with infection of wounds noting their differences . in distribution peltern,
age range 10-2) years, (3-5) years, (6-8) years (9-11) year (12-14) years, (1517) years, (18-20) years and 21 years and above, sex distribution (male and
female) predisposing factor and any other factor affecting in Nigeria where
antibiotic sensitivity pattern especially in Nigeria where drugs are takes
indiscriminately without prescription
1.2
AIM & OBJECTIVES
a.
The aim of this work is to isolate and identified bacteria associated
with wound sepsis
b.
And the objectives are to assess whether any correlation exists
between age, sex and different types of wound.
2.c
To assess the antibiogram of different bacteria associated with wound
sepsis so as to offer advice on therapy.
11
1.3
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Wound sepsis has really posed a serious threat to both surgical and
un-surgical wounds. There has been prevalence in wound sepsis following
iyunes and fome disease state, and may have failed to heal after
administration of common antibiotics resulting to foul smelling and
petrifying wounds owing to their discriminate use of drugs especially in
togena.
This problems really propelled met know whether it is because efln
discriminate use of dmgs that contributed to sensitive organisms to become
resisted string to the drugs or could it be because of mosconical injection
which comes bystaying very long in the hospital. And why staphylococcus
has been the prechominant organisms threatening wounds.
1.4
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY: standard clean sanitary
condition is employed to avoid mosconial infection
1.5
HYPOTHESIS
HO
Staphocollus aureus is predominantly associated with wound
sepsis
12
H1
Staplococcus aureus is not
predominantly associated with
wound sepsis
HII: There is correlation between age, sex and different types of
wound sepsis.
1.5
SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of the study is to isolate and identify bacteria associated with
wound seosis, noting their distribution pattern, age and sex relationship,
predisposing factor and any other factor affecting it and also their antibiotic
sensitivity especially in Nigeria where drugs are taken indiscriminately
without prescription.
1.7
LIMITATIONS
This project work has been limited on only surgical, sickle cell, ulcer,
Diabetic ulcer and gun short wound sepsis. Collection of samples and
materials used is limited to National orthopedic hospital Enugu Metropolis.
This project is also limited to open wounds and to patients t hat lactnot
stayed for a long time, in the clinic to eliminate nosconial infection and
sense had not used a lot of antibiotic which would have killed the
opportunistic bacteria.
The significance of study.
13
*** INSTRUCTIONS ***
Please Read The Below Instructions Carefully.
******************************
HOW TO ORDER THIS COMPLETE MATERIAL
If you want to order the complete materials (Chapter One
to Five, Including Abstract, References, Questionnaires, Proposal (where applicable) )
of the
above mentioned topic, please visit
www.freeplace.org and click on “Order” (i.e.
www.freeplace.org/order)
******************************
HOW TO BECOME OUR PARTNER
To become our partner, visit www.freeplace.org and click
on partnership.
******************************
TERMS OF USE
This Material is for Academic Research Purposes only. On no
account should you copy this material word for word.
Copying this material “Word for Word” is against our “Terms
of Use”. That you ordered this material shows you have
agreed Our ‘Terms of Use’.
******************************
Better is not good enough, the best is yet to come!
Endeavour to be the best!!
14