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Organic / Biochemistry Chemistry of Life! Biology Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds in Cells! Subatomic parts • PROTONS – Positive charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. • NEUTRONS – neutral charge (no charge) particles found in the nucleus. • ELECTRONS – Negative charged particles found outside the nucleus of the atom. – These determine which elements interact with each other! ELEMENTS • Pure substance made of the same type atoms. • Periodic Table of the Elements – over 100 “pure” substances found in the universe • Hydrogen has 1 proton and 1 electron. BONDS • Ionic Bonds – When two ions are attracted by opposite charges (they either DONATE or TAKE an electron)….. Ex Salt • Sodium ion Na+ -----Chlorine ions Cl• NaCl Bonds Cont. • Covalent Bonds – When electrons are shared between atoms (These are called COMPOUNDS!) • Compounds are 2 different atoms that are bonded together • Ex –Sugar/Glucose – Molecular compound C6H12O6 Bonds Cont. • Hydrogen Bonds: “Opposites Attract” (positives and negatives) COMPOUNDS / MIXTURES • COMPOUNDS – 2 or more different elements bonded together. • MIXTURE –Two or more substances NOT bonded together. • SOLUTION – A mixture of two or more substances evenly distributed throughout. POLAR MOLECULES • A molecule that has a positive / negative side. Ex – water » H H » O Thus ions and other polar molecules dissolve easily in water and non-polar molecules like oils float on the surface. ACIDS AND BASES • ACID – A solution with many hydrogen ions …PH 0-6 • BASE – A solution with many hydroxide ions ….. PH 8-14 2- Divisions within Chemistry • 1. Organic Chemistry - The study of the chemical reactions involving the carbon atom! Ex - plastics, petroleum, synthetics • 2. Inorganic Chemistry- non - carbon chemical reactions….Ex- Salts, metals Why is the Carbon Atom so reactive?? • Carbon has an atomic number of 6….. – – – – 6-protons 6-neutrons 6-electrons 2 electrons in the first energy level and 4 in the outer energy level! – Thus it can bond with up to 4 other atoms! • Carbon can bond with itself into long chains or into ring Hydrocarbons…..H~C • • • • • Methane - CH4…………. Ethane - C2H6…………. Propane - C3H8……….. Butane - C4H10…….. Octane - C8H18…….. • Long chains of hydrocarbons provide fuel for our bar-b-ques, lighters, automobiles, and trucks, as well as many are found in living substances!! Biochemistry • The carbon compounds relating to life…….. • Many carbon chains fold back upon itself to form flexible rings! • The arrangement of these rings can encourage various types of bonding! Functional Groups found in Biological Compounds• . Methyl-(CH3)… found in fats oils, waxes • . Hydroxyl- (-OH)…sugars and alcohol • .Carboxyl- ( HOC=O) ..sugars, fats, amino acids • Amino- (-NH2)…Amino acids and proteins • Phosphate- (-PO4)…phospholipids, DNA,RNA 4 - Molecules of Life!! • 1. Carbohydrates- sugars and starches! • 2. Lipids- fats, oils and waxes! • 3. Proteins - meat, poultry, eggs, soy • 4. Nucleic Acids- building blocks for DNA-”your genes!!” CARBOHYDRATES“the watered carbons” • Composed of C, H, and O…..with a 2:1 • • • • ratio of H to O! 3-types of Carbohydrates 1.Monosaccharides – These are the buildimg blocks for larger carbohydrates! Formula C6H12O6 Ex-glucose, fructose, galactose Carbohydrates continued……. • 2. Disaccharides – A short chain of a few monosaccarides bonded together !! – Formula: C12H22O11 – Only two bonded together makes up a disaccharide! – Ex: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose Carbohydrates….cont…... • 3. Polysaccharides– Many “monos” bonded together forming a very long chain! – Ex- starch, cellulose, and glycogen Condensation / Hydrolysis • Condensation - When two molecules bond together releasing one molecule of water during the process! • C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 • ------------->C12H22O11 + H2O • Hydrolysis - When a long chain of molecules are broken apart requiring water to separate ! • C18H32O16 + 2H2O --------> • C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 PROTEINS…….. • The most diverse biological molecule of life! – Examples - muscles, feathers, cartilage, enzymes, steroids, hormones. • The basic structural unit of protein is the Amino Acid! • These are bonded by condensation forming long chains of polypeptides! ( proteins) How are proteins structurally different?? • There are 20 different common amino acids needed for good health! • The Basic structure of the Amino Acid is: • H – Amino – – – Group Carboxyl C R- Group Group LIPIDS……. • LIPIDS- serve as the main reservoir of stored energy! • Also a major component of cell membranes! • The basic Building Block of a lipid is the “Fatty Acid”- usually a nonpolar molecule! Fatty Acid Structure • A Fatty Acid molecule is a long chain of ---CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3 • Attached to the front end is a CARBOXYL • • • • • H-O | C=O | H-C-H ( beginning of fatty acid chain) Lipids cont………. • Saturated fats - Long chain of fatty acids with only single bonds! • Unsaturated fats- long chains of fatty acids with a few double bonds on the hydrocarbon chain! • Polyunsaturated fats- Many double bonds on the hydrocarbon chain! Neutral Fats - TRIGLYCERIDES • Butter, lard and oils are examples ! • Three fatty acid chains bonded to a GLYCEROL molecule! • H – H - C - OH + fatty acid chain – H - C - OH + fatty acid chain – H - C - OH + fatty acid chain » H » ** Just under the skin, adipose tissue stores lipids for energy and insulation! PHOSPHOLIPIDS • Two fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol and a phosphate group! • This causes the molecule to have a polar head and two non-polar tails! • This is the main component of the cell membrane!!!! • • • • O H O -P-O ---- C - OH– – – – – – O O HO-C - CH2- CH2- CH3 O H - C - OHH - C - OHH HO-C - CH2- CH2- CH3 NUCLEIC ACIDS • Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids! • Two important nucleic acids are • DNA – 2 strands twisted together • RNA – 1 strand of nucleotides DNA and RNA • These two molecules are essential for survival! • DNA forms into genes and chromosomes directing the entire chemistry of the cell! • RNA produced from DNA directs the making of proteins within the cell! ATP…. • ATP - adenosine phosphate is the main energy transfer molecule within the cell! Nucleotide structure • NH2 • • • • • • • • • • C HC HC N C=O N O HO-P-O-CH2 O C C C OH C C H ….el fin….