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Terminology for Phonics In English there are about 44 different sounds (phonemes). Children are taught the letters (graphemes) that represent these sounds (phonemes). They learn to put the phonemes together (blend them) to read words. They also learn to break words into phonemes (segment them) for spelling. phoneme The smallest unit of sound in a word grapheme Letter(s) which represent a phoneme/sound grapheme-phoneme correspondence (GPC) The relationship between a phoneme and a grapheme. Children need to be able to write/find a grapheme in response to the phoneme and say the phoneme(s) when looking at a grapheme digraph Two letters which make one sound e.g. ‘sh’, ‘ai’, ‘ph’ trigraph Three letters which make one sound e.g. ‘igh’ split digraph (used to be known as magic ‘e’) A vowel digraph (e.g. ‘ie’) which is split up by another letter e.g. 'time’,'make’ short vowel A vowel sound which is short. There are 5 of them: /a/ (as in cat), /e/ (as in bed), /i/ (as in pin), /o/ (as in hot), /u/ (as in hut) long vowel A vowel sound which is long. There are 5 of them: /ai/ (as in make, rain, day), /ee/ (as in these, me, tree), /igh/ (as in tie, night, my), /oa/ (as in coat, low, go), /ue/ (as in moon, tune, unit) blend/cluster Two (or three) letters making two (or three) sounds e.g. lost, sprite blending Reading the letters in a written word e.g. b-a-t, and merging them to pronounce the word (‘bat’). This skill is needed for reading. segmenting Identifying the individual sounds in a spoken word e.g. b-a-t, and writing down or moving letters for each sound to form the word (‘bat’). This skill is needed for spelling. Tricky words These are words which can't be completely sounded out. They usually have one or more bits which are tricky. The children have to learn to read them as whole words and remember how to write the tricky bit when spelling them. CVC CVC stands for Consonant Vowel Consonant i.e. cat, pin, pet, pot, put CCVC CCVC stands for Consonant Consonant Vowel Consonant i.e. trap, chop, stun, grit, shop CVCC CVCC stands for Consonant Vowel Consonant Consonant i.e. hunt, fast, cart, milk, want