Download large interconnected ac transmission systems

The Tres Amigas
SuperStation
VLPGO
November 2011
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LARGE INTERCONNECTED AC
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
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Common Interconnected AC System Problems
Diminishing Returns with large interconnected AC Systems
Long Distance Transmission
• Line losses
Interconnections
• Steady state
• Uncontrolled Load flow
problems and bottlenecks
– Congestion Issues
– Inter Area loop flow
– Cascading Blackouts
• Transient Stability
• Oscillation Stability
• Subsynchronous Oscillations
• Frequency control
• Latency issues (ie Spinning Reserves)
• Voltage Stability
• Inductive and Capacitive limitation
factors
• Physical interactions between
power systems
• System Voltage Stability/Levels
• Reactive Power Loading
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Common Interconnected AC System Problems
High Cost of Interconnections
– Reliability Costs: NERC, RC, Relaying
– N-1 criteria often creates underutilization of transmission
lines
– Complex coordinating arrangements (RTOs, IA, JOAs, etc.)
– Need for sophisticated and costly system impact studies
– Participation agreement complications with multiple
impacted entities
– Regional/Subregional perturbations/phenomena difficult
and costly to analyze and manage
– Deterministic planning practices do not capture the true
economic value of transmission additions/upgrades
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China: Current HVDC National Grid Plan
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FUTURE EUROPEAN SUPERGRID 2016 – 2020
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From USDOE Office of Electric Delivery and Energy
Reliability
“PRESENTLY, ONLY 30% OF ALL POWER
GENERATED USES POWER ELECTRONICS
SOMEWHERE BETWEEN THE POINT OF
GENERATION AND END USE. BY 2030, 80%OF
ALL ELECTRIC POWER WILL FLOW
THROUGH POWER ELECTRONICS .”
Power electronics moves beyond devices that simply
provide increased awareness, such as Phasor measurement
systems. These devices will respond to, interface with and
control real time power flows.
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BENEFITS OF POWER ELECTRONICS
• Increased power system reliability and security
• Increased efficiency and loading of existing transmission and
distribution infrastructure
• Huge gains in real time power flow control
• Improved voltage and frequency regulation
• Improved power system transient and dynamic stability
• More flexibility in siting transmission and generation facilities
• The distinction between consumer devices and utility devices
will largely be eliminated electrically
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21st century smart grid technologies compared with those in
use today
Source: IBM Institute for Business Value
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DISPATCH EQUATION
•Dispatch Equation
•Generation + Imports (or- Exports)=Load
•Generators (real time data is known)
•Ties (Import/Export) (real time data is known)
•Load is not measured in real-time (load
forecasted)
•Transmission with predetermined limits (known
with historical data)
•New Solution every 5 minutes (SCED)
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Data to Information
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Hierarchical View of the Issues facing the European
Transmission System Operators (TSOs)
Single
European
Electricity Market
•Pan-European Transmission Grid
•Load-Generation Balance
•Congestion management
•Ancillary services
•Settlement
•Balancing Mechanisms
•Variable Renewable energy Generation
•Storage
•Demand Side Management
Source: ENTSO-E: The pathway towards common European network operation
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SUMMARY OF KEY CHALLENGES
1. Developing the next generation dispatcher tools to
turn the vast volumes of real time data to meaningful
information not only for power dispatch and control, but
to also fully integrate all user devices or aggregating
systems in the dispatch equation , develop predictive
control in microseconds, provide trading and public
information in minutes, perform forensic analysis in
days.
2. A security regimen to continuously update to the
challenges
3. More HVDC expertise in engineering and planning,
including solving the multi- node HVDC buss issues.
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The Location: Regional Renewable Resource Potential
Significant Regional Wind & Solar Capacity Factors in Excess of 35%
Source: NREL
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New Mexico Economic Impact: Ripple Effect
Direct Impacts from 6.0 GW
Landowner Revenue:
Over $16.3M/year
Construction Phase:
13,800 new jobs
$2.6B to local economies
Operational Phase (20yrs):
1,460 new long-term jobs
$130M/year to local economies
Illustrates Ripple
Effect if 6.0 GW of
Wind Is Developed
by 2015
Indirect Impacts
Construction Phase:
7,200 new jobs
$818M to local economies
Operational Phase:
380 new long-term lobs
$39.2M/year to local economies
Induced Impacts
Construction Phase
8,600 new jobs
$905M to local economies
Operational Phase:
800 new long-term jobs
$78.6M/year to local economies
Source: CDEAC report
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Design
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Strategic Partners and Vendors
Foundation Fuel
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