Download CHAPTER 11 SECTION 1 MOLLUSKS, ARTHROPODS AND

CHAPTER 11 SECTION 1 MOLLUSKS, ARTHROPODS AND ECHINODERMS
KINGDOM : ANIMAL
PHYLUM : MOLLUSK
MOLLUSCA OR MOLLUSK both spelling which are accepted
characteristics: invertebrates,
soft bodied many covered with shells,
have a thin layer of tissue that covers internal organs- MANTLE - also this tissue makes
the shell
most have a muscular structure - FOOT - used to dig, move, and catch prey
most live in water some live in damp places
bilateral symmetry
body plan in not repeated all internal organ are located together in one area
KIDNEYS- paired organ that removes waste
GILLS - remove oxygen from water by diffusion,
(in many the gills have cilia the beating action make water flow over the gills and
food can also be strained from water)
RADULA - many have a flexible ribbon of tiny teeth that scrape food from a
surface used to help in classification http://wwwbiol.paisley.ac.uk/biomedia/graphics/jpegs/radula.jpg
CLA
SS :
GASTROPO
DA "STOM
ACH FOOT"
http://bioweb
.uwlax.edu/z
oolab/Table_
of_Contents/
Lab5a/Class_Gas
tropoda_10/L
ab_5a-10a.jpg
example snails and slugs, have one shell or no shell
are herbivores, scavengers or carnivores
can be hermaphrodites or display sexual dimorphism ( separate male and female genders)
internal and external fertilization occurs
FOOT - makes mucus and the snail travels on top of it
RADULA - scrapes food off surfaces www.pirx.com/gallery/albums/mollusks/radula.jpg
CLASS
:
PELEY
COPO
DA "H
ATCHE
T
FOOT"
ALS
O
CALLE
D
BIVAL
VES
e
xamples
: clams,
oysters,
mussels
,
scallops
BIVALVES - two shells held together with a hinge and strong muscles
FILTER FEEDERS - strain food from the water using cilia on their gills,
food sticks to mucus and is moved to mouth by cilia
reproduction : Fertilization is internal
Sperm are taken in through the female's incurrent siphon and fertilize eggs in the
gills.
Larvae develop leave the gill area through the excurrent siphons
larvae are parasites on fish gills or fins
it remains attached to fish for two to three months.
larvae then breaks out of the fish to develop into an adult on the lake or river
bottom
PEARL FORMATION - sand, grit or even a parasite can become lodged between the
mantle and shell
mantle cells cover irritant
mantle forms smooth shell over object so the clam is protected
1. foot - digs and moves clam (muscular)
2. shell - protection (skeletal)
3. mouth - opening for food (digestive)
4. mantle - makes the shell and pearls, (skeletal)
5. anterior adductor muscle - closes shell, (muscular)
6. digestive gland - makes enzymes that break down food, (digestive)
7. umbo - start of the shell, (skeletal)
8 stomach - breaks down food, (digestive)
9. heart - pumps blood, (circulatory)
10 posterior adductor muscle - closes shell, (muscular)
11. anus - opening for waste, (excretory)
12. excurrent siphon - tube allow wastes to be removed, (respiratory)
13. incurrent siphon - tube that brings in food and water, (respiratory)
14.ganglion - nerve, (nervous)
15. gill - used for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, has cilia for filter feeding in
clam, (respiratory)
16 nephridia (kidney) - filters liquid waste, (excretory)
17.intestine- breaks down and absorbs food (digestive),
18.gonad - produces sex cells, (reproductive)
19 brain - controls body activities, (nervous)
clam dissections on line
http://www.k-state.edu/organismic/images/clam_labeled_1.jpg
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/clam.html
quick quiz
CLASS : CEPHALOPODA " HEAD FOOT"
example: squid, octopus
feet are adapted to form tentacles
suckers on tentacles help capture food, touch and taste objects
have excellent vision and a large brain they can remember what they learn
move by jet propulsion they squeeze a current of water out of the mantle and shoot off in
the opposite direction
CHAPTER 11
SECTION 2
ARTHROPODS
KINGDOM - ANIMAL
PHYLUM - ARTHROPODA " jointed legs or foot"
examples: grasshopper, crayfish, bugs, spiders
characteristics: invertebrate,
exoskeleton - outer skeleton
segmented body,
jointed appendages give flexibility and enable movement, (flying, walking, defense,
catching prey)
open circulatory system,
reproduce sexually, most have sexual dimorphism ( both male and female)
internal fertilization
EXOSKELETON - outer skeleton to protect and help prevent evaporation of water
can not grow with body so must be shed
CHITIN - makes up the exoskeleton made of long-chain protein molecules is tough and
flexible
MOLTING - shedding of outgrown exoskeleton new skeleton is soft for a time
ANTENNA - appendages on the head that contain sense organs for smell, taste, tough, and
balance
CLASS - CRUSTACEAN crayfish, crabs
characteristics : have two or three body sections
usually 3 pairs of appendages for chewing
2 pair of antenna
5 or more pair of legs
each body segment has a pair of legs or modified legs attached to it
metamorphosis - process in which the animal's body undergoes a dramatic change
http://www.quia.com/mc/265982.html match the crayfish parts
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/crayfish.html dissection and
identification help
http://www.aa.psu.edu/biology/crayfish/ dissection help very good pictures labeled
http://biology.ucok.edu/AnimalBiology/Arthropoda/Crustacea/Crayfishdiss.html dissection
images
x
External Anatomy
a.) Head
body region with sense organs
b.) Cephalothorax
combined head thorax body region
c.) Abdomen
body region containing intestines
d.) Rostrum (skeletal)
protect the eyes
e.) Carapace (skeletal)
protect the organ in the area of the cephalothorax
f.) Compound Eyes (nervous)
vision
g.) Antennules (nervous)
sensory
h.) Antennae (nervous)
sensory
i.) Walking Legs (skeletal)
movement
j.) Cheliped (skeletal)
protection, fighting, helps with eating,
k.) Swimmerets (skeletal &
reproductive)
swimming and carrying eggs, help male in reproduction
l.) Telson (skeletal)
part of flipper
m.) Uropod (skeletal)
middle part of the flipper has anus under it
n.) Mouth (digestive)
opening for food
o.) Tergum ( skeletal)
covering over abdomen
INTERNAL ANATOMY & SYSTEMS
Extensor & Flexor Muscular
movement
Gills (Respiratory)
breathing
Brain (Nervous)
controls body
Heart (Circulatory)
pumps blood
Esophagus (Digestive)
connects to stomach push food down
Stomach (Digestive)
breaks down food
Intestine (Digestive)
digests and absorbs food
Anus (Excretory)
removes solid waste
Green Gland (Excretory)
filter out liquid wastes
Testes (reproductive)
male organ makes sperm
Ovaries (reproductive)
female organ makes eggs
ventral nerve cord ( nervous)
sends messages to the brain
digestive gland (digestive)
produces an enzyme to break down food
arteries ( circulatory)
take blood away from heart
pericardial cavity ( circulatory)
space the heart can beat in
quick quiz
CLASS - ARACHNIDS spiders
have only 2 body sections
cephalothorax - head and thorax
abdomen- has the reproductive organs and intestine
have 8 legs
have no antennae
book lungs - breathing organ that have tubes that lead to the outside of the exoskeleton
hollow fangs that inject venom
CLASS - MILLIPEDE "million legs" herbivores can squirt awful-smelling liquid at
potential predators
http://gallery.pethobbyist.com/data/766MadagascarRedMillipede.jpg
CLASS - CENTIPEDE "hundred legs" carnivores swift predators with sharp jaws and inject
venom
http://www.taoistsecret.com/Images/sgrobusta2.jpg
CHAPTER 11
SECTION 3
INSECTS
CLASS - INSECTS
examples ; bugs grasshoppers, dragonfly, cockroach, bee
characteristic ;
three body section
head has sense organs
usually 2 large compound eyes with many lenses see movement
simple eyes can see light and darkness
thorax or midsection is the area which the wings and legs are attached
abdomen has sex organs and intestine
six legs
one pair antennae
usually one or two pair of wings
SPIRACLES - holes on abdomen used for breathing
MALPIGHIAN TUBES - excretory tubes
1. abdomen - reproductive organs, and most of the digestive system
2. antennae - 2 segmented antennae sense, touch and odors
3 .compound eye - 2 eyes made up of many lenses
4. head - is the location of the brain, the two compound eyes, the mouth parts, and two
antennae.
5. jumping legs - attached to metathorax
6. mandibles - the jaws, by the palps; the jaws crush the food
7. palps - long, segmented mouth parts (under the jaws) that grasp the food
8. spiracles - holes located along both sides of the abdomen; they are used for breathing
9. thorax - the middle area where the legs and wings are attached
10. tympanum - eardrum
11. walking legs - the four, short front legs
12. wings - 2 pairs
Digestive system.
a. Esophagus - pushes food to stomach
b. Crop - softens and stores food
c . Gizzard - grinds up food
d. Gastric caeca - add digestive juices to food is at the end of the gut
e. Stomach - breaks down food
f. Intestine - digests and absorbs food
g. Rectum - removes water and compacts waste
h. Anus - opening to remove waste
Circulatory system heart - pumps blood
Respiratory system spiracles - opening in the exoskeleton connects to the tracheas
tracheae - connects to the lungs
book lungs - used for breathing
Excretory system Malpighian tubules - filters waste excretory tubes
Nervous system brain, - controls body activities
ventral nerve cord - sends and receives messages
Reproductive system testes, - makes sperm
ovaries, - produces eggs
ovipositor - used to dig hole so female can lay eggs
iweb.tntech.edu/mcaprio/life_cycle.jpg
QUICK QUIZ
http://universe-review.ca/I10-82-grasshopper.jpg
http://www.ent.iastate.edu/ref/anatomy/ihop/ excellent interactive dissection site
COMPLETE AND INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS -
INCOMPLETE OR
GRADUAL
METAMORPHOSIS
examples : grasshopper,
termites, crickets
EGG - HATCHES INTO NYMPH STAGE
NYMPH - LOOKS LIKE SMALL ADULT MAY MOLT
SEVERAL TIMES BEFORE BECOMING ADULT
ADULT - SEXUALLY MATURE STAGE
COMPLETE
EGG - HATCHES INTO LARVA STAGE
METAMORPHOSIS examples: fly, butterfly,
beetles, ants
LARVA - IS THE IMMATURE FORM, IT LOOKS
VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE ADULT IT IS A
EATING AND GROWING STAGE
PUPA - THE INSECT IS ENCLOSED IN A
PROTECTIVE COVERING AND GRADUALLY
CHANGES FROM LARVA TO ADULT
examples ; COCOON OR CHRYSALIS
ADULT - SEXUALLY MATURE STAGE
FEEDING : Insect mouth parts are adapted for a highly specific way of getting food
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1051/90062155.JPG
http://www.dkimage
s.com/discover/previews/1051/90062117.JPG
http://www.cynicalc.com/archives/bloggraphics/aedes.jpg
DEFENSE : exoskeleton, bad smells or tastes bad, run or fly away quickly, painful stings and
CAMOUFLAGE : a way of blending in with the surroundings
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/Camouflage_01.jpg
.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/Ecology/camo/images/flower_mantid.jpg
http://www
MOST INSECTS ARE HARMLESS OR BENEFICIAL TO HUMANS : make silk or prey
on harmful insects, or are pollinators
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL - using one species that is a predator to eliminate a harmful
pest. these are less damaging to the environment that insecticides
CHAPTER 11 SECTION 4
THE CHEMISTRY OF COMMUNICATION
PHEROMONES - a chemical that is released by one animal that affects the behavior of another
of the same species, communication used to locate food, attract mates and distinguish member
of their own group from members of other groups
http://www.sfu.ca/chemistry/Research/fullimages/insects.jpg
BIOLUMINESCENCE - is a production of light by a living organism the light is generated by
chemical reaction can be used to attract mate example : fireflies
http://insects.tamu.edu/images/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/coleoptera/lampyridae/photinu
s_unknown_adult_lateral_m_01.jpgCHAPTER 11 SECTION 5 ECHINODERMS
KINGDOM - ANIMAL
PHYLUM - ECHINODERMS "spiny skin"
examples - sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers
characteristics; radial symmetry, invertebrate, endoskeleton, internal fluid system
WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM - consists of fluid (sea water) filled tubes within the
echinoderm's body
water is squeezed into tube feet
tube feet act like suction cups and stick to surfaces, they move organism and help capture
food
REPRODUCTION: female releases eggs male releases sperm into water, fertilization occurs,
larvae develop and can swim
1. ARMS OR RAYS - projecting from disc, help catch prey and movement,
skeletal system
2. MADREPORITE - small white circular area, off-center on dorsal surface of disc
brings in water and lets out water in water vascular system
3. ANUS - small, on dorsal side on disc waste removal, excretory system
4. SPINES many short, rough, over surface protection, skeletal system
5. EYESPOT - small, pigmented on one end of each arm, senses light, nervous system
6. TUBE FEET - soft, slender, with expanded tips; ventral side used in movement, helps
capture prey, water vascular system
7. MOUTH - opening for food digestive system
8. STOMACH - disc, thin, sac-like, breaks down food, digestive system
9.DIGESTIVE GLAND - a pair in each arm, greenish, long, makes an enzyme to break
down food, digestive system
10. GONADS - in each arm, below digestive gland, sexes separate. reproductive system
11. GILLS - oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, respiratory system
WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM (WVS)
1. MADREPORITE - small white circular area brings water into and out of wvs
2. STONE CANAL - limy tube from madreporite to ring canal.
3. RING CANAL - hard, circular, around mouth region
4. RADIAL CANAL - from ring canal along each arm, connects canals to ampullae.
5. AMPULLAE - many, small, spherical, connect to tube feet fills up tube feet like eye
dropper
6. TUBE FEET - used in feeding and movement
http://www.ksu.edu/organismic/echinoderms_and_protochordates.htm
http://www.staff.brookings.k12.sd.us/Reidell/starfish%20dissection%202_files/frame.htm from
sdsu Brookings
QUICK QUIZ
BRITTLE STARS - have 5 arms long slender and with flexible joints, can regenerate don't have
suction cups on tube feet.
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/
explorations/islands01/log/sep4/media/giant_red_brittlestar_600.jpg
SAND DOLLARS - round, no arms, flat bodies
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/echinoiddirectory/morphology/JPEG/ARACHNO1.jpg
SEA URCHIN - purple covered with movable spines that protect them can scrape algae, chew
sea weed, and crush coral with 5 strong teeth, eggs are used in research because they are large
http://www.smbaykeeper.org/images/site_images/Purple-sea-urchin.jpg
SEA CUCUMBER - filter feeder, can expel its intestine when attacked
http://www.wwf.org.hk/images/hoihawan/gallery/seashore/1.-Beige-sea-cucumber_ph.jpg
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