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Chapter 10 Glossary Ambiguous response A disconfirming response with more than one meaning, leaving the other party unsure of the responder’s position. Apathy A defense mechanism in which a person avoids admitting emotional pain by pretending not to care about an event. Assertion A direct expression of the sender’s needs, thoughts, or feelings, delivered in a way that does not attack the receiver’s dignity. Behavioral description An account that refers only to observable phenomena. Certainty Attitude behind messages that dogmatically imply that the speaker’s position is correct and that the other person’s ideas are not worth considering. Likely to generate a defensive response. Cognitive dissonance An inconsistency between two conflicting pieces of information, attitudes, or behaviors. Communicators strive to reduce dissonance, often through defense mechanisms that maintain an idealized presenting image. Communication The emotional tone of a relationship between two or more individuals. climate Compensation A defense mechanism in which a person stresses a strength in one area to camouflage a shortcoming in some other area. Confirming A message that expresses caring or respect for another person. communication Consequence statement An explanation of the results that follow from either the behavior of the person to whom the message is addressed or the speaker’s interpretation of the addressee’s behavior. Consequence statements can describe what happens to the speaker, the addressee, or others. Controlling Messages in which the sender tries to impose some sort of outcome on communication the receiver, usually resulting in a defensive reaction. De-escalatory conflict spiral A communication spiral in which the parties slowly lessen their dependence on one another, withdraw, and become less invested in the relationship. Defense mechanism A psychological device used to maintain a presenting self-image that an individual believes is threatened. Defensiveness The attempt to protect a presenting image a person believes is being attacked. Description Gibb’s term for language that describes a complaint in behavioral terms rather than being judgmental, thereby creating a supportive communication climate. See also Evaluation, “I” language. Disconfirming A message that expresses a lack of caring or respect for another person. communication Displacement A defense mechanism in which a person vents hostile or aggressive feelings on a target that cannot strike back, instead of on the true target. Empathy The ability to project oneself into another person’s point of view, so as to experience the other’s thoughts and feelings. Equality A type of supportive communication described by Gibb, suggesting that the sender regards the receiver as worthy of respect. Escalatory conflict spiral A communication spiral in which one attack leads to another until the initial skirmish escalates into a full-fledged battle. Evaluation Gibb’s term for judgmental assessments of another person’s behavior, thereby increasing the odds of creating a defensive communication climate. See also Description, “I” language. Facethreatening act Behavior by another that is perceived as attacking an individual’s presenting image, or face. Feeling statement An expression of the sender’s emotions that results from interpretation of sense data. Generalized complaining A disconfirming response that implicitly or explicitly attributes responsibility for the speaker’s displeasure to another party. Gibb categories Six sets of contrasting styles of verbal and nonverbal behavior. Each set describes a communication style that is likely to arouse defensiveness and a contrasting style that is likely to prevent or reduce it. Developed by Jack Gibb. Impersonal response A disconfirming response that is superficial or trite. Impervious response A disconfirming response that ignores another person’s attempt to communicate. Incongruous response A disconfirming response in which two messages, one of which is usually nonverbal, contradict each other. Intention statement A description of where the speaker stands on an issue, what he or she wants, or how he or she plans to act in the future. Interpretation statement A statement that describes the speaker’s interpretation of the meaning of another person’s behavior. See also Attribution. Interrupting response A disconfirming response in which one communicator interrupts another. Irrelevant response A disconfirming response in which one communicator’s comments bear no relationship to the previous speaker’s ideas. Neutrality A defense-arousing behavior described by Gibb in which the sender expresses indifference toward a receiver. Physical avoidance A defense mechanism whereby the person steers clear of people who attack a presenting self to avoid dissonance. Problem orientation A supportive style of communication described by Gibb in which the communicators focus on working together to solve their problems instead of trying to impose their own solutions on one another. Provisionalism A supportive style of communication described by Gibb in which the sender expresses a willingness to consider the other person’s position. Rationalization A defense mechanism in which logical but untrue explanations maintain an unrealistic desired or presenting self-image. Regression A defense mechanism in which a person avoids assuming responsibility by pretending that he or she is unable to do something instead of admitting to being simply unwilling. Repression A defense mechanism in which a person avoids facing an unpleasant situation or fact by denying its existence. Sarcasm A potential defensive reaction in which an individual redirects a perceived threat to his or her presenting self by attacking the critic with contemptuous, often ironical remarks. Spiral A reciprocal communication pattern in which each person’s message reinforces the other’s. See also De-escalatory conflict spiral, Escalatory conflict spiral. Spontaneity A supportive communication behavior described by Gibb in which the sender expresses a message without any attempt to manipulate the receiver. Strategy A defense-arousing style of communication described by Gibb in which the sender tries to manipulate or deceive a receiver. Superiority A defense-arousing style of communication described by Gibb in which the sender states or implies that the receiver is not worthy of respect. Tangential response A disconfirming response that uses the speaker’s remark as a starting point for a shift to a new topic. Verbal abuse A disconfirming response intended to cause psychological pain to another. Verbal aggression A defense mechanism in which a person avoids facing unpleasant information by verbally attacking the confronting source.