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1.4 Biologists’ Tools and Technology KEY CONCEPT Technology continually changes the way biologists work. 1.4 Biologists’ Tools and Technology Imaging technologies provide new views of life. • A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. – light microscopes (LM) – Use light to produce an image – Magnify up to 1500x – Produce 2D image – Can view living or preserved specimens stoma 1.4 Biologists’ Tools and Technology Imaging technologies provide new views of life. • A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. – light microscopes (LM) – Use light to produce an image – Magnify up to 1500x – Produce 2D image – Can view living or preserved specimens – scanning electron microscopes (SEM) – Use electrons to produce an image – Magnify up to 100,000x – Produce 3D image – View preserved specimens in a vacuum stoma 1.4 Biologists’ Tools and Technology Imaging technologies provide new views of life. • A microscope provides an enlarged image of an object. – light microscopes (LM) – Use light to produce an image – Magnify up to 1500x – Produce 2D image – Can view living or preserved specimens – scanning electron microscopes (SEM) – Use electrons to produce an image – Magnify up to 100,000x – Produce 3D image – View preserved specimens in a vacuum – transmission electron microscopes (TEM) stoma 1.4 Biologists’ Tools and Technology • Imaging technology is used in medicine. – X-ray images – Show dense material 1.4 Biologists’ Tools and Technology • Imaging technology is used in medicine. – X-ray images – Show dense tissue – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – Show all tissues in the area 1.4 Biologists’ Tools and Technology • Imaging technology is used in medicine. – X-ray images – Show dense tissue – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – Show all tissues in the area – functional MRI (fMRI) – Show the areas of the brain that function during an activity 1.4 Biologists’ Tools and Technology Complex systems are modeled on computers. • Computer models are used to study systems that cannot be studied directly. – heart attacks – effect of medicines on the human body – movement of water molecules into and out of a cell – spread of a disease through a population • Computer models are used when experiments are not safe, ethical, or practical. Normal heartbeat Heart attack 1.4 Biologists’ Tools and Technology The tools of molecular genetics give rise to new biological studies. • A gene is a segment of DNA that stores genetic information. • In just over 40 years we have gone from knowing how the genetic code works, to changing genes, to implanting genes from 1 species to another 1.4 Biologists’ Tools and Technology • Through our understanding of DNA, we can study genetics on a molecular level. – molecular genetics – Study and manipulation of DNA on a molecular level – genomics – Study and comparison of genomes within and across species