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CHAPTER 8 Plate Tectonics EXIT CHAPTER 8.1 What Is Plate Tectonics? 8.2 Types of Plate Boundaries 8.3 Causes of Plate Movement 8.4 Plate Movements and Continental Growth CHAPTER OUTLINE CHAPTER HOME Define these terms: plate tectonics What is Plate Tectonics? Alfred Wegner proposed the hypothesis of _________ __________ to explain how a single land mass had separated into separate continents, which drifted apart. continental drift Africa South America mid-ocean ridge SECTION OUTLINE Areas in which mesosaurus fossils have been found _______ evidence found in South America and Africa support the hypothesis that the continents were once joined. CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY plate tectonics continental drift mid-ocean ridge What is Plate Tectonics? Alfred Wegner proposed the hypothesis of continental drift to explain how a single land mass had separated into separate continents, which drifted apart. Africa South America SECTION OUTLINE Areas in which mesosaurus fossils have been found Fossil evidence found in South America and Africa support the hypothesis that the continents were once joined. CHAPTER HOME What is Plate Tectonics? Later discoveries ___________ the idea that the continents had been __________, but demonstrated that the continents were not “drifting” but attached to moving _________, or __________, plates. The theory of plate tectonics explains the occurrence of _________ and __________ in concentrated belts along ________ ________. Earthquakes Volcanoes SECTION OUTLINE CHAPTER HOME What is Plate Tectonics? Later discoveries supported the idea that the continents had been connected, but demonstrated that the continents were not “drifting” but attached to moving lithospheric, or tectonic, plates. The theory of plate tectonics explains the occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes in concentrated belts along plate boundaries. SECTION OUTLINE Earthquakes Volcanoes CHAPTER HOME What is Plate Tectonics? Plate tectonics also account for a distinctive pattern in the _____ and ________ of rocks that spread out from ____-_________ _______ on the ocean floor. ____-______ _______, Atlantic Ocean SECTION OUTLINE _____ ______ _______, Pacific Ocean CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY plate tectonics continental drift mid-ocean ridge What is Plate Tectonics? Plate tectonics also account for a distinctive pattern in the age and magnetism of rocks that spread out from mid-ocean ridges on the ocean floor. Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Atlantic Ocean SECTION OUTLINE East Pacific Rise, Pacific Ocean CHAPTER HOME Define these terms: divergent boundary rift valley Types of Plate Boundaries Plates move ________ at divergent boundaries. A ______ _________ is an example of a divergent boundary on land. rift convergent boundary subduction boundary deep-sea trench collision boundary transform boundary SECTION OUTLINE Type of Boundary Process Involved Characteristic Features Current Examples CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY divergent boundary rift valley rift Types of Plate Boundaries Plates move apart at divergent boundaries. A rift valley is an example of a divergent boundary on land. convergent boundary subduction boundary deep-sea trench Type of Boundary collision boundary sea-floor spreading transform boundary Divergent SECTION OUTLINE Process Involved Characteristic Features Current Examples •mid-ocean ridges •rift valleys •earthquake activity at fracture zones along mid-ocean ridges •volcanic activity •Mid-Atlantic Ridge •East Pacific Rise Types of Plate Boundaries Plates move _______ each other at convergent boundaries. One plate may ______ under the other, as happens at deep-sea _______, or if the two plates _______. Characteristic Current Type of Process Boundary Involved oceanocean subduction Type of Boundary Process Involved Oceancontinent subduction SECTION OUTLINE Characteristic Features Current Examples Features Examples CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY divergent boundary rift valley rift convergent boundary subduction boundary deep-sea trench Types of Plate Boundaries Plates move toward each other at convergent boundaries. One plate may subduct under the other, as happens at deep-sea trenches, or if the two plates collide. Type of Boundary collision boundary oceanocean subduction transform boundary Convergent SECTION OUTLINE Process Involved Characteristic Features •deep-sea trenches •volcanic island arcs •earthquake activity Current Examples •islands of Indonesia •Mariana Islands CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY divergent boundary rift valley rift convergent boundary subduction boundary deep-sea trench Types of Plate Boundaries Plates move toward each other at convergent boundaries. One plate may subduct under the other, as happens at deep-sea trenches, or the two plates may collide. Type of Boundary collision boundary transform boundary Convergent SECTION OUTLINE Process Involved Characteristic Features oceancontinent subduction •deep-sea trench bordering continent •volcanoes along coast of continent •earthquake activity Current Examples •western coast of South America CHAPTER HOME Types of Plate Boundaries Type of Boundary Process Involved Characteristic Features Current Examples Type of Boundary Process Involved continentcontinent collision plates sliding past each other SECTION OUTLINE Characteristic Features Current Examples CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY divergent boundary rift valley rift convergent boundary subduction boundary deep-sea trench Types of Plate Boundaries Plates move toward each other at convergent boundaries. One plate may subduct under the other, as happens at deep-sea trenches, or the two plates may collide. Type of Boundary collision boundary transform boundary Convergent SECTION OUTLINE Process Involved Characteristic Features continentcontinent collision •high continental mountain chains •earthquake activity Current Examples •Himalayas CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY divergent boundary rift valley Types of Plate Boundaries Plates move past each other at transform boundaries. rift convergent boundary subduction boundary deep-sea trench Type of Boundary collision boundary transform boundary Transform SECTION OUTLINE Process Involved plates sliding past each other Characteristic Features •earthquake activity Current Examples •San Andreas Fault •North Anatolian Fault (Turkey) •fracture zones along midocean ridges CHAPTER HOME Define these terms: mantle convection Causes of Plate Movement ______ ________, ______ ____, and _____ _____ are hypothetical models for the causes of plate movements. ridge push Mantle convection slab pull SECTION OUTLINE This image shows one model of how mantle convection may contribute to _____ _________. This image shows as section of the East Pacific Rise, a ____-_______ ridge. CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY mantle convection ridge push slab pull Causes of Plate Movement Mantle convection, ridge push, and slab pull are hypothetical models for the causes of plate movements. Deep-sea trench Mid-ocean ridge Deep-sea trench Mantle convection This image shows one model of how mantle convection may contribute to plate movement. SECTION OUTLINE This image shows as section of the East Pacific Rise, a mid-ocean ridge. CHAPTER HOME Pangaea Plate Movements and Continental Growth craton Plate movements have caused the ______ of Earth’s landmasses to _____ over time. Scientists think that _____________________________ they call ________. Define these terms: terrane SECTION OUTLINE Pathalassa Ocean Tethys Sea _____ million years ago CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane Plate Movements and Continental Growth Plate movements have caused the positions of Earth’s landmasses to shift over time. Scientists think that all continents were once part of a single landmass they call Pangaea. Pathalassa Ocean SECTION OUTLINE Tethys Sea 200 million years ago Plate Movements and Continental Growth _________ ____ million years ago _______ ____ _______ _____ _____ _______ _________ _____ million years ago SECTION OUTLINE CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane Plate Movements and Continental Growth Plate movements have caused the positions of Earth’s landmasses to shift over time. Scientists think that all continents were once part of a single landmass they call Pangaea. Laurasia SECTION OUTLINE 180 million years ago CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane Plate Movements and Continental Growth Plate movements have caused the positions of Earth’s landmasses to shift over time. Scientists think that all continents were once part of a single landmass they call Pangaea. North America South America Asia Africa India Australia Antarctica SECTION OUTLINE 65 million years ago CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane Plate Movements and Continental Growth Plate movements have caused the positions of Earth’s landmasses to shift over time. Scientists think that all continents were once part of a single landmass they call Pangaea. North America Europe Asia Africa South America Australia Antarctica SECTION OUTLINE Modern Day CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane Plate Movements and Continental Growth *NOTES Plate movements have caused the positions of Earth’s landmasses to shift over time. Scientists think that all continents were once part of a single landmass they call Pangaea. Scientists use fossils, the ages of rocks, and other geologic evidence to reconstruct past land movement. SECTION OUTLINE CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane SECTION OUTLINE Plate Movements and Continental Growth The shapes of the landmasses have also changed. At the core of each continent is a craton, the oldest rock on the continent. The North American craton CHAPTER HOME VOCABULARY Pangaea craton terrane Plate Movements and Continental Growth *NOTES The shapes of the landmasses have also changed. At the core of each continent is a craton, the oldest rock on the continent. Processes associated with plate tectonics add new materials to a continent over time. For example, terranes are blocks of lithospheric plates that contribute to continental growth. SECTION OUTLINE
