Download Classical Greece #2 (Greeks #3)

GREEKS #3
I.
EXERCISE & SPORTS
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
EVERY CITY HAD GYMNASIUM
a.
MEN WORKED OUT
b.
GK WORD MEANING NAKED
B.
WHY EXERCISED
1.
NOT JUST FOR FUN OR HEALTH
2.
AIM = SO FIT FOR POLITICAL & MILITARY LIFE
C.
EXERCISES & FACILITIES
1.
EITHER AT GYMNASIUM OR STADIUM
2.
SAME AS OLYMPIC GAMES & OTHER SPORTS COMPETITIONS
a.
WRESTLING EXTREMELY POPULAR
b.
FOOT RACES, LONG JUMPS, HIGH JUMPS, BOXING, JAVELIN &
DISCUS THROWING
D.
OLYMPIAN GAMES
1.
SYMBOL OF GK CULTURE & UNITY
2.
HELD EVERY 4 YRS FOR OVER 1000 YRS
3.
WARS WOULD STOP FOR GAMES
4.
PART OF RELIGIOUS FESTIVAL IN HONOR OF ZEUS
5.
LASTED WEEK
6.
EVENTS FOR MEN & BOYS - NOT WOMEN
7.
FOOT RACES, INCLUDING ONES IN FULL ARMOR
8.
POETRY CONTESTS
9.
CHARIOT RACES
10.
DID NOT HAVE MARATHON
a.
ITS A MODERN INVENTION
b.
ALTHOUGH COMMEMORATES EVENT IN ANCIENT GK HX
E.
WINNING
1.
WINNING IMPORTANT
2.
NO CONSOLATION PRIZES
3.
MOST POPULAR EVENTS BLOODIEST
a.
BOXING
(1)
NO ROUNDS
(2)
FISTS WRAPPED IN LEATHER THONGS
b.
PANCRATIUM
(1)
COMBINATION OF WRESTLING & BOXING
c.
CONTINUED UNTIL ONE WAS KNOCKED OUT, GAVE UP OR DIED
F.
WINNERS
1.
GOT BIG FINANCIAL REWARDS
2.
VICTORS PAID GREATLY
a.
CF W/TODAY - ENDORSEMENT ADS
3.
NO SENSE OF AMATEUR STATUS
4.
SOME WINNERS VOTED LIFETIME PENSION BY THEIR POLEIS
II.
INTELLECTUAL ACHIEVEMENT OF GREEKS
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
CIVILIZATIONS OF ANCIENT NEAR EAST DID SIGNIFICANT PIONEER
WORK IN MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, ETHICAL SYSTEMS
2.
BUT GREEKS 1ST WHO TOOK STEP OF EXAMINING MAN & HIS UNIVERSE
B.
C.
D.
III.
2
FROM A RATIONAL STANDPOINT
3.
BEGAN TO LOOK AT UNIVERSE AS A NATURAL RATHER THAN A
SUPERNATURAL PHENOMENON
4.
THUS GREEKS 1ST PHILOSOPHERS, 1ST THEORETICAL SCIENTISTS
5.
PHILOSOPHY = LOVE OF KNOWLEDGE
1ST PHILOSOPHER
1.
IONIAN THALES OF MILETUS C 636-546 B.C.
a.
FATHER OF PHILOSOPHY
b.
CONSIDERED FOUNDER ALSO OF GK ASTRONOMY, GEOMETRY
SUBSEQUENT PHILOSOPHERS
1.
CONTINUED TO SPECULATE ABOUT BASIC MAKE-UP OF UNIVERSE
2.
PYTHAGORAS 6TH C
a.
NUMBER - BASIC ELEMENT IN NATURE
b.
WORKED OUT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MUSIC & MATH
c.
WORKED OUT PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM & MULTIPLICATION
TABLE
SOPHISTS
1.
BY LATE 5 C B.C. WANDERING TEACHERS APPEARED
2.
GK SOPHIA=WISDOM
3.
CALLED BECAUSE TRYING TO GAIN WISDOM ON BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL
QUESTIONS
4.
METHODOLOGY
a.
OBSERVATION & LOGIC
(1)
TODAY WE FORMULATE EXPERIMENTS & HAVE COMPLEX
MEASUREMENT DEVICES
b.
USE OF LOGIC WAS NEW & VERY EXCITING
c.
THEIR SYSTEM OF POSTULATES, STATEMENTS & CONCLUSIONS
SAME ONE WE USE IN LOGIC TODAY
d.
I.E.
(1)
SOCRATES IS A MAN
(2)
ALL MEN ARE MORTAL
(3)
THEREFORE SOCRATES IS MORTAL
GIANTS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
DISTINGUISHED THEMSELVES FROM SOPHISTS
2.
THEY WANTED TO INSTILL MORAL VIRTUE IN THEIR STUDENTS NOT
JUST ACHIEVE INTELLECTUAL ACHIEVEMENT
3.
TAUGHT VERY INFORMALLY
4.
POPULAR MEETING PLACE OUTSIDE OF TOWN
a.
SACRED GROVE OF TREES = ACADEMY
(1)
FOUNDED BY PLATO
(2)
OUR WORD ACADEMIC
B.
SOCRATES 470-399 B.C.
1.
SOCRATES TAUGHT IN EVEN LESS FORMAL SETTINGS
a.
DINNER PARTIES =
SYMPOSIA
(1)
GROUP OF FRIENDS RECLINE AT TABLES, EATING,
DRINKING & TALKING ALL NIGHT
2.
KNOWLEDGE SYNONYMOUS W/VIRTUE
a.
A PERSON WHO KNEW THE TRUTH WOULD ACT RIGHTEOUSLY
3
KNOW OF HIS WORKS FROM HIS STUDENT PLATO
THIS METHOD OF CONSTANT QUESTIONING, NEVER-ENDING DEBATE
CALLED SOCRATIC METHOD
5.
HE CONTINUED TO PLAY ROLE OF GADFLY AS HE PUT IT
6.
GADFLIES HAVE SELDOM BEEN POPULAR
7.
399 BROUGHT TO TRIAL FOR DENYING GODS & CORRUPTING YOUTH
8.
CONDEMNED BY A CLOSE VOTE
9.
DECLINED OPPORTUNITY TO ESCAPE INTO EXILE,
10.
EXECUTED BY DRINKING POISON HEMLOCK
PLATO 427-347
1.
PLATO - SOCRATES BIOGRAPHER
2.
PLATO'S WRITINGS WE HAVE
a.
LAWS, REPUBLIC
3.
REPUBLIC
a.
OUTLINED PERFECT POLIS - 1ST UTOPIA IN HISTORY
4.
IRONICALLY PLATO REJECTED DEMOCRACY HE KNEW
a.
DESCRIBED IDEAL STATE LIKE SPARTA
b.
TOP OF POLITICAL PYRAMID WAS A PHILOSOPHER-KING
c.
A POLIS THAT NEVER WOULD HAVE PRODUCED A PLATO
5.
PLATO VIEWED TRUTH AS ABSOLUTE & UNCHANGING
6.
HE ASSUMED THAT ALL TRUE PHILOSOPHERS WOULD BE IN ESSENTIAL
AGREEMENT 7.
THAT FUTURE THINKERS WOULD SIMPLY AFFIRM PLATO'S OWN
DOCTRINES
8.
THIS ASSUMPTION HAS PROVEN FALSE,
ARISTOTLE 384-322
1.
SON OF GK PHYSICIAN IN SERVICE OF KING OF MACEDON
2.
EDUCATED AT PLATO'S ACADEMY
3.
SERVED AS TUTOR TO ALEX THE GREAT
4.
FOUNDED HIS OWN SCHOOL ATHENS LYCEUM
5.
WROTE MANY BOOKS BUT MOST LOST
6.
WRITINGS CONSTITUTE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GK LEARNING AT ITS PRIME
7.
& HIS INFLUENCE ON LATER THINKERS GREATER THAN PLATO
8.
BUT AT LENGTH CONDEMNED BY ATHENIANS ALSO FOR IMPIETY &
ESCAPED INTO EXILE
a.
EXPLAINING HE WISHED TO SPARE ATHENIANS FROM A SECOND
SIN AGAINST PHILOSOPHY
ARISTOTLE'S IDEAS
1.
WROTE ON GREAT VARIETY OF TOPICS
a.
BIOLOGY, POLITICS, LITERATURE, ETHICS, LOGIC, PHYSICS &
METAPHYSICS
2.
BROUGHT PLATO'S THEORY OF IDEAS DOWN TO EARTH
3.
SAID ONE CAN BEST STUDY ARCHETYPICAL CAT BY OBSERVING &
CLASSIFYING INDIVIDUAL CATS
4.
THUS OBSERVATION OF THINGS IN THIS WORLD EQUALLY AS NB AS
CONTEMPLATION AS VALID ROAD TO KNOWLEDGE
5.
OBSERVED & CLASSIFIED ALL AREAS LIFE
6.
POLITICS
a.
CLASSIFIED GOVTS INTO 3 TYPES
b.
GOOD GOVT BY 1 MAN MONARCHY,
3.
4.
C.
D.
E.
F.
IV.
4
(1)
BAD=TYRANNY
c.
GOOD GOVT BY FEW ARISTOCRACY
(1)
BAD OLIGARCHY
d.
GOOD GOVT MANY POLITY (ORDERLY POPULAR RULE,
(1)
BAD DEMOCRACY = DISORDERLY REGIME OF MOB
7.
HIS BIOLOGICAL STUDIES, SETTING FORTH CONCEPTS OF GENUS &
SPECIES, WE USE TODAY W/SOME MODIFICATIONS
8.
HE HAD CONCEPT OF A SINGLE GOD WHO WAS THE PRIME MOVER &
POWER BEHIND THE UNIVERSE
9.
LATER ISLAMIC & X THOUGHT USED HIS FRAMEWORK
PLATO & ARISTOTLE CONTRASTED
1.
PLATO EXTRAPOLATING FROM WHAT WE CAN SEE TO WHAT WE DO
NOT SEE
2.
ARISTOTLE MORE CONCERNED W/CATEGORIZING & DESCRIBING WHAT
WE SEE
3.
PLATO'S PRIMARY CONCERN W/THOUGHTS AS THEY OUGHT TO BE
4.
ARISTOTLE WITH THINGS AS THEY WERE
5.
BOTH ROMANS & CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHERS IN MIDDLE AGES READ
PLATO & ARISTOTLE
a.
MADE THEM THE BASIS OF THEIR OWN PHILOSOPHICAL
TREATISES
WOMEN IN ANCIENT GREECE
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
GK SOCIETY DOMINATED BY MEN
2.
BUT BASICALLY WOMEN SEEN AS INFERIOR & EXCLUDED FROM PUBLIC
LIFE
3.
FROM EARLIEST DAYS OF GREEKS, LEGENDS ILLUSTRATED GREEKS
LOW OPINION OF WOMEN
4.
PANDORA LEGEND
B.
ARISTOTLE CONTINUED THIS NEGATIVE VIEWPOINT OF WOMEN
1.
HE SAW WOMEN AS LESS RATIONAL
2.
NB BECAUSE ARISTOTELIAN CONCEPT OF WOMEN PASSED TO CHURCH,
MIDDLE AGES & SUBSEQUENTLY TO OUR OWN SOCIETY
3.
GIRL BABIES - MAL FORMED MALES
C.
CLASSICAL PERIOD
1.
LEGALLY & ECONOMICALLY HAD VIRTUALLY NO STATUS AT ALL
2.
UNDER CONTROL OF MAN THEIR ENTIRE LIVES
3.
UNDER FATHER TILL MARRIED THEN UNDER HUSBAND
D.
MARRIAGE LAWS & CUSTOMS
1.
RESPONSIBLE FATHERS DID NOT RAISE FEMALE BABIES UNLESS
FORESAW A PROPER MARRIAGE FOR THEM AT MATURITY
a.
EXPOSED THEM OR COMMITTED INFANTICIDE
b.
NOT TO RAISE MORE GIRLS THAN COULD PROVIDE W/DOWRIES
2.
WOMAN NO CHOICE IN MARRIAGE PARTNER
3.
GIRLS MARRIED TEENS - USUALLY 14
a.
BRIDE HAD TO BE A VIRGIN
4.
BOYS 30 OR SO WHEN MARRIED
5.
MARRIAGE VALID WHEN BETROTHAL CONTACT SEALED W/HANDING
OVER OF DOWRY
5
BIRTH OF SON FULFILLMENT OF GOAL OF MARRIAGE
OK FOR MEN TO PURSUE AFFAIRS W/PROSTITUTES OR RELATIONSHIPS
W/YOUNGER MEN
8.
BUT EVERY POSSIBLE OBSTACLE ERECTED TO KEEP ATHENIAN WIFE
FROM ADULTEROUS TEMPTATIONS
9.
WOMEN NOT ALLOWED TO OWN PROPERTY
10.
BUT REIGNED SUPREME IN HOUSEHOLD
a.
COMMANDED SLAVES
b.
RAISED CHILDREN
c.
BUT ATE W/CHILDREN NOT WITH MALES
DIVORCE
1.
MUTUAL CONSENT BY EITHER SPOUSE
2.
HUSBAND DIVORCED WIFE BY SENDING HER FROM HOUSE
3.
WIFE NEEDED HER FATHER OR OTHER MALE TO BRING CASE BEFORE 1
OF ARCHONS
INFANTICIDE & ABORTION
1.
MORE GIRLS THAN BOYS EXPOSED
2.
FROM CEMETERIES, ETC. 2 TO 1
3.
ARISTOTLE DISTINGUISHED BETWEEN ABORTION BEFORE & AFTER
FELT SENSATION
a.
LIKE TODAY OK BEFORE LIFE
OCCUPATIONS FOR WOMEN
1.
LOWER-CLASS WOMEN HAD TO WORK IN FIELDS OR RETAIL SHOPS
2.
MIDDLE CLASS IDEAL WAS FOR WIFE TO STAY HOME
3.
WIVES NOT EVEN SUPPOSE TO DO MARKETING
4.
MIDDLE CLASS WIVES MADE CLOTHING FOR ENTIRE HSHD
a.
SPINNING, WEAVING
b.
USE OF DISTAFF (STAFF HELD THE WOOL)
c.
SPINDLE -= SPOOL HOLDING NEWLY SPUN THREAD
5.
EXCLUDED FROM POLITICAL & INTELLECTUAL LIFE OF CITY
6.
ONLY 2 REALMS COULD WOMEN RISE TO EQUAL OR SURPASS MEN IN
INFLUENCE & COMPETENCE
a.
PRIESTESSES & PROSTITUTES
HETAERAE = HIGH-PRICED COURTESANS
1.
PROBABLY MOST EMANCIPATED WOMEN
2.
MORE THAN SIMPLE PROSTITUTES WHO WERE SLAVES
3.
INTELLIGENT & ACCOMPLISHED WOMEN WHOSE FAMILIES COULD NOT
PROVIDE THEM W/DOWRIES
4.
MAY HAVE STARTED AS SLAVE BUT THRU GOOD LUCK, INTELLIGENCE
OR A PATRON MOVED UP SCALE
5.
MOST FAMOUS IN ATHENS MIXED FREELY IN MALE COMPANY
a.
ATTENDED MEN'S SYMPOSIA & ENGAGED IN LEARNED DEBATES
OF POLITICS, DRAMA, PHILOSOPHY
b.
ASPASIA - PERICLES' FAMOUS COURTESAN
PRIESTESSES OF VARIOUS FEMALE CULTS
1.
MOST RESPECTED WOMEN
2.
TWO TYPES OF CULTS
a.
CULTS DEVOTED TO ONE OF OLYMPIAN GODDESSES SUCH AS
ATHENA, HERA
b.
OLDER MYSTERY RELIGIONS
6.
7.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
6
(1)
PROBABLY ROOTS OF PRE-GREEK MOTHER GODDESS
3.
PRIESTESSES OF HERA AT ARGOS SUCH A UNIVERSALLY RECOGNIZED
INSTITUTION
a.
THEIR TERMS OF OFFICE USED TO DATE EVENTS
(1)
THUCYDIDES DATED BEGINNING OF PELOPONNESIAN WAR
WHEN CHRYSIS PRIESTESS AT ARGOS FOR 48 YRS.
4.
HIGH STATUS OF PRIESTESS REFLECTED DEEP-ROOTED GREEK
CONVICTION THAT WHILE WOMEN NOT AS INTELLECTUAL AS MEN
a.
HAD SPIRITUALITY
b.
BRINGING THEM CLOSER COMMUNICATION W/DIVINE ELEMENT
5.
PRIESTESS AT DELPHI
a.
PERHAPS SINGLE MOST INFLUENTIAL GREEK AT ANY GIVEN TIME
SPECIAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR MEN OF ATHENS
1.
MAN MIGHT HAVE A WIFE TO RUN HIS HSHD & PRODUCE SONS
2.
HAVE SEXUAL RELATIONS EITHER W/HIS OWN SLAVE GIRLS OR
W/STATE OWNED SLAVES OF MUNICIPAL BROTHEL
3.
HAVE A CONCUBINE AS WELL 4.
PLUS A HOMOSEXUAL INTEREST IN A YOUNGER MAN
a.
OLDER MORE EXPERIENCED MAN WAS TO BE A GUIDE & TUTOR
FOR HIS YOUNG LOVER
b.
SUCH A TIE WAS GENERALLY DESCRIBED AS INVOLVING LOVE &
AFFECTION - MUCH MORE AFFECTION- THAN BETWEEN HUS &
WF (1)
EVEN WHEN DID NOT INCLUDE PHYSICAL CONSUMMATION
5.
IN FACT PLATO ADVOCATED THAT MALE LOVERS REFRAIN FROM
PHYSICAL UNION TO PURIFY THEIR LOVE
a.
TERM PLATONIC LOVE
b.
NOT GENERAL PRACTICE HOWEVER
HOMOSEXUALITY/LESBIAN
1.
ORIGINS OF IT HAVE NOT BEEN DETERMINED
2.
HOW COMMON PRACTICE WAS NO ONE KNOWS EITHER
3.
GREEKS ACCEPTED BISEXUALITY FOR BOTH SEXES
a.
NO SEXUAL STIGMATISM
4.
MORE COMMON ARISTOCRACY
a.
SEXES SEPARATED FOR TRAINING, ETC.