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Week 1 • Introduction • Mammal Orders – Monotremata – Didelphimorphia (Marsupialia) Mammal Orders revisions from 2005 – WILSON AND REEDER • ~ 5,400 species in • ~ 29 Orders • ~ 150 families; – 23 families are monospecific TAs – hand out table of full list of current orders (and previous system) Class Mammalia Sublcass Prototheria (monotremes, 1 order, 5 sp) Subclass Theria • Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 sp) • Infraclass Eutheria (placental mammals, 22 orders, ~ 5,100 species) Monotremes: “one holed ones” Subclass: Prototheria Order: Monotremata Order: Monotremata • • • • • • • • • Egg-laying mammals Milk secreted from pores in skin Teeth absent in adults Primitive skull features Males (and some females) have spurs No vibrissae Cloaca present Penis bifurcate Testes abdominal, no baculum = a slim bone that supports rigidity of the penis in many mammals, including rodents, carnivores, and primates Order: Monotremata • Family: Ornithorhyncidae 1 species - Platypus • Family: Tachyglossidae 4 species - Echidnas Family: Ornithorhyncidae Duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhyncus anatinus) Family: Ornithorhyncidae • Semiaquatic and semifossorial • Has webbed feet, and dorso-ventrally flattened tail • Duck-like beak has electro-receptors • Ankle spurs have venom secreting gland Family: Tachyglossidae Short-nosed echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) Family: Tachyglossidae • Terrestrial and semi-fossorial (insects) • Females have temporary pouch, develops during breeding season • Only four species • ID (skull) – edentulate, no auditory bullae • ID – Spines over body, hollow spur on ankles Marsupials: have pouches (=marsupium) Class Mammalia Sublcass Prototheria (monotremes, 1 order, 5 sp) Subclass Theria • Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 sp) • Infraclass Eutheria (placental mammals, 22 orders, ~ 5,100 species) Characteristics of Marsupials (reproduction – key) • # upper incisors > lower Reproduction (vs. placentals) • Marsupium (in most) • Yolk sac placenta • “Split” Reproductive system – 2 sep. uteri – 2 vaginal canals – Bifurcate penis • Scrotum anterior to penis • Separate urogenital & anal openings Marsupials vs. Placentals • Shorter gestation time • Lower investment of energy in raising young • Lower metabolic rate • Smaller brain size Convergent evolution Marsupials Seven Orders • Variable dentition (# incisors, permolars, • Arboreal, semiaquatic, semifossorial, fossorial lifestyles • Climbing forms have opposable hallux, others reduced or absent • Some syndactylous • Plantigrade vs. digitigrade Plantigrade vs. Digitigrade (unguligrade) Differences in dentition Incisors Diprotodont vs. Polyprotodont Syndactylous Feet Kangaroo rat Water opossum Order: Didelphimorphia Contains ONE family: Didelphidae – Opossums (15 genera, 63 species) • • • • • Confined to Neotropical and Nearctic Prehensile tail (most), often naked Clawless, often offset hallux Paired sperm Diverse habits and habitats: terrestrial, arboreal, semifossorial, semiaquatic. Family: Didelphidae Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) Only marsupial of the North of Mexico Marmosops spp. South America Family: Didelphidae Brown four-eyed opossum (Metachirus nudicaudatus) South America Mouse opossum (Marmosa elegans) South America Marsupials (other orders): Class Mammalia Sublcass Prototheria (monotremes, 1 order, 5 sp) Subclass Theria - Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 sp) Order: Didelphimorphia Other 6 orders of marsupials • know the scientific name of the order • common name of the order Subclass Theria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 spp) DIDELPHIMORPHIA (87 spp) – opossums PAUCITUBERCULATA (6 spp) – “flap lips” or shrew opossum MICROBIOTHERIA (1 sp) – monito del monte DASYUROMORPHIA (70 sp) – numbats, marsupial mice, Tasm. wolf and devils PARAMELEMORPHIA (21 spp) - bandicoots and bilbies DIPROTODONTIA – kangaroos, koalas, wombats, cuscusses, wallabies, gliders NOTORYCTEMORPHIA (2 spp) – marsupial moles Subclass Theria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 spp) DIDELPHIMORPHIA (87 spp) – opossums PAUCITUBERCULATA (6 spp) – “flap lips” or shrew opossum MICROBIOTHERIA (1 sp) – monito del monte DASYUROMORPHIA (70 sp) – numbats, marsupial mice, Tasm. wolf and devils PARAMELEMORPHIA (21 spp) - bandicoots and bilbies DIPROTODONTIA – kangaroos, koalas, wombats, cuscusses, wallabies, gliders NOTORYCTEMORPHIA (2 spp) – marsupial moles Conservation Status Marsupials are not limited to Australia, and many native mammals of Australia are placentals • Many Australian spp. are endangered or extinct – Predation or competition with introduced organisms (placentals) – Destruction of habitat – Small populations • 10 (6.5%)Australian spp. Extinct in the past century (~ 83 mammals worldwide since 1500) • 5 Australian species critically endangered, 17 endangered, 30+ vulnerable (1996) • A more detailed overview of these families follows (view on own, via intranet) • Not responsible for this detail, but this might be of interest • Includes a diversity of very good images • Students are not responsible for this level of detail, but information may be interesting Order: Paucituberculata Contains ONE family: Caenolestidae – Flaplips (3 genera, 5 species) • “Flaplips” (external membrane on lips) • Terrestrial, shrew like • Marsupium never present • Tail is long and haired • Hindfoot didactylous (only 2 toes) • Clawless, nail less hallux • Paired sperm Family: Caenolestidae Caenolestes spp. Shrew opossum (Lestoros inca) Order: Microbiotheria Contains ONE family: Microbiotheriidae • Consists of ONE extant species (monito del monte) • Marsupium present • Naked strip under tail • Opposumlike appearance • Semiarboreal, scansorial (adapted for climbing) • I 5/4, polyprotodont • Large auditory bullae • Didactylous • Opposable hallux Family: Microbiotheriidae Monito del monte (Dromiciops australis) Order: Dasyuromorphia Contains 3 Families: 17 genera, 63 spp. • Most insectivorous or carnivorous • Most terrestrial, some arboreal • Canines well developed • I 4/3, polyprotodont • Prehensile tail, Hallux clawless (if present) • Didactylous Order: Dasyuromorphia • Three families: –Myrmecobiidae:1 genus, 1 sp. –Thylacinidae (extinct): 1 genus, 1 sp. –Dasyuridae: 15 genera, 61 spp. Family: Myrmecobiidae (single species) Numbat (Mymecobius fasciatus) Of serious conservation concern Family: Thylacinidae (only species extinct) Tasmanian wolf (Thylacinus cyanocephalus) Family: Dasyuridae (15 genera, 61 species) Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus lanarius) Of serious conservation concern Family: Dasyuridae Spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) Order: Notoryctemorphia • • • • • • • • • Contains ONE family: Notoryctidae (1 genus, 2 spp.) Fossorial Marsupium present Spade-like forefeet (claws 3 & 4 digits) Short, naked tail Rostral shield Pinnae and external eyes absent I 3-4/3, Polyprotodont Syndactylous Family: Notoryctidae Marsupial mole (Notoryctes typhlops) Order: Peramelemorphia Contains 3 Families: 6 genera, 13 spp. • Terrestrial, primarily insectivorous • Flattened I 4-5/3, Polyprotodont (share w/ Dasyuromorpha) • Skull conical and rostrum elongate • Hindlimbs longer than forelimbs • Syndactylous toes (share w/ Diprotodontia), lateral digits rudimentary/absent • Marsupium present, opens to rear • Chorioallanatoic placenta w/o villi Order: Peramelemorphia • Three families – –Thylacomyidae: 1 genus, 2 spp. –Chaeropodidae (extinct): 1 genus, 1 sp. –Peramelidae: 4 genera, 10 spp. Family: Thylacomyidae (1 genus, 2 species) Greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis) Lesser bilby (Macrotis leucura) Family Chaeropodidae (extinct) Pig-footed bandicoot Chaeropus ecaudatus Family: Peramelidae (6 genera, 18 species) • Bandicoots & echymiperas Northern brown bandicoot (Isodon macrourus) Long nosed echymipera (Echymipera rufescens) Family: Peramelidae Long-nosed bandicoot (Parameles nasuta) Order: Diprotodontia (39 genera, 116 spp.) • • • Suborder Vombatiformes • Family Phascolarctidae • Family Vombatidae Suborder Phalangeriformes – Superfamily Phalangeroidea • Family Burramyidae • Family Phalangeridae – Superfamily Petauroidea • Family Pseudocheiridae • Family Acrobatidae • Family Tarsipedidae • Family Petauridae Suborder Macropodiformes • Family Potoroidae • Family Macropodidae • Family Hypsiprymnodontidae Order: Diprotodontia • • • • • Primarily herbivorous Terrestrial, semifossorial, arboreal I 3-2/3, Diprotodont Marsupium present Syndactylous 2nd and 3rd digits on hindfoot Suborder Vombatiformes Family: Phascolarctidae (single species) Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) Family: Vombatidae (2 genera, 3 species) Common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) Suborder Phalangeriformes Superfamily Phalangeroidea Family: Burramyidae (2 genera, 5 species) Eastern pygmy possum Cercartetus nanus Family: Phanlangeridae (6 genera, 18 species) Spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus) Superfamily Petauroidea Family Pseudocheiridae (6 genera, 17 species) Common ringtail Pseudocheirus peregrinus Family Acrobatidae (2 genera, 2 species) Feathertail possum Distoechurus pennatus Family: Tarsipedidae (single species) Honey possum (Tarsipes spenserae) Family: Petauridae (3 genera, 11 species) Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) Suborder Macropodiformes Family: Potoroidae (5 genera, 9 species) Tasmanian bettong Bettongia gaimardi Family: Macropodidae (11 genera, 54 species) Swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) Eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) Family: Hypsiprymnodontidae Musky rat kangaroo (Hypsiprymnodon moschatus) Conservation Status Marsupials are not limited to Australia, and many native mammals of Australia are placentals • Many Australian spp. are endangered or extinct – Predation or competition with introduced organisms (placentals) – Destruction of habitat – Small populations • 10 spp. Extinct in the past century (6.5%) • 5 spp. critically endangered, 17 endangered, 30+ vulnerable (1996) Week 2 Skulls Placental Mammal Orders • Soricomorpha • Erinaceomorpha • Afrosoricida • Dermoptera • Chiroptera • Scandentia • Primates Placental Mammals Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria 7 Orders today Afrosoricida- tenrecs, otter shrews & golden moles Erinaceomorpha - hedgehogs & gynmures Soricomorpha - solenodons, shrews, shrew-moles & desmans Dermoptera - colugos Chiroptera - bats Scandentia - tree shrews Primates - primates Former Order: Insectivora split in to three Soricomorpha, Erinaceomorpha, Afrosoricida • Diet consists of primarily invertebrates, also omnivorous • Many characteristics primitive • Generally have a small body size • “Wastebasket taxon” – No single character or combination can distinguish from other orders Former Order: Insectivora split in to three Soricomorpha, Erinaceomorpha, Afrosoricida • Terrestrial, fossorial, and semiaquatic • Feet usually plantigrade with 5 toes • Eyes usually small • Zygomatic arch usually reduced or absent • Has been split into 3 orders: Soricomorpha, Afrosoricida & Erinaceomorpha Order Soricomorpha • “Shrew-form” • 3 Families – Solenodontidae – Solenodons • 1 genus, 4 spp., 2 extant • Geog. restricted (DR & Haiti) • Fossorial, networks of tunnels • Long pelage, naked tail, claws & pinnae Order Soricomorpha • “Shrew-form” • 3 Families • Pointed, flexible snout used to capture prey • Omnivorous • High frequency clicking • Toxin in submaxillary gland • Endangered (hab loss, introduced spp., low repro rate) Order Soricomorpha – Family Soricidae- Shrews • Largest & most widely distributed • 26 genera, 376 spp. • 2 subfamilies (red vs. white toothed) • Small (2- 100g) • Short legs w/ unspecialized feet • Small eyes • Long, pointed rostrum • Short, dense & dark pelage • Glands that produce musk during breeding season What‟s missing? Family Soricidae • 1st U I large, hooked & has posterior cusp • 1st L I long & procumbent (project hor forward) • Mainly insectivorous, many omnivorous • Terrestrial (moist) • High metabolic rates • Several spp. can secrete a toxin (salivary) • Many spp. communicate with high frequency sounds • Few spp. exhibit caravanning • Numerous spp. threatened or endangered Order Soricomorpha – Family Talpidae - Moles, Shrew-moles & Desmans • • • • • • • • • • 17 genera, 39 spp. Terrestrial, fossorial, semiaquatic Tunneling & Burrowing Fusiform body shape Short powerful limbs Short, smooth pelage Pinnae reduced, eyes minute Keeled sternum Forefeet large & paddle-like Have small domed mechanosensroy organs „Eimer‟s organs‟ Family Talipidae • Desmans – Aquatic inverts & fish – Hind feet webbed with fringe of hairs – Long, flexible snout – Echolocate – 2 spp. Vulnerable (Hab loss, Construction, Water pollution, Intro spp. & Direct harvest for pelts) • Several spp. of moles & shrew-moles endangered also Order Erinaceomorpha • 1 Family – Erinaceidae – Hedgehogs & Gymnures • 10 genera, 24 spp. • Hedgehogs – – – – Spines on back & sides Mainly nocturnal & terrestrial (some semiarboreal) All omnivorous Torpor, some spp. True hibernators, estivate • Gymnures – No spines – Omnivorous – Hydric environments Order Afrosoricida • 2 Families – Tenrecidae – Tenrecs & Otter Shrews • 10 genera, 30 spp. (27 tenrecs in Madagascar, 3 otter shrews in w-central Africa) • Terrestrial, fossorial, semiaquatic • No auditory bullae & no jugal bone • I & C small & unspecialized • Several spp. ~Heterothermic & Enter torpor during day or hibernate seasonally • Some spp. Can echolocate • Several spp. endangered Order Afrosoricida – Chrysochloridae – Golden Moles • 9 genera, 21 spp. (central & southern Africa) • Live in arid environments – – – – • • • • • Nocturnal foraging Torpor Low metabolic rate Very efficient kidney function No pinnae Poorly developed eyes Leather-like pad on nose for pushing soil Large Claws ?Ability to use seismic clues Order: Dermoptera “skin winged ones” • Single living family: Cynocephalidae • • • • • • • • – Colugos - “Flying lemur” 2 genera, 1 sp. in each Primarily herbivorous Hang from trees, similar to sloth Young hang onto patagium of mother Furred patagium extends to neck and tail Lower incisors are pectinate (comb-like) range = southest asia, threatened due to hab loss, hunting for fur & food Never kept alive in a zoo longer than a few months Family: Cynocephalidae Order: Chiroptera “Hand winged ones” • Second largest order – 18 families, 202 genera & 1,116 spp. • Diets consist of fruit, nectar, pollen, fish, other vertebrates invertebrates, blood • Most are nocturnal • Roost (caves, hollow trees) • Most produce single litter/yr (1-2 young) • Torpor & Hibernation • Guano Reasons for success: • Only true flying mammals • Echolocation • Migration Spectacled Flying Fox Chiropteran Families • Megachiroptera – Pteropodidae: Old World fruit bats • 42 genera, 166 species • Primarily nocturnal • Navigate primarily using vision – Large eyes • With one exception, do not echolocate – Lack tragus and noseleaf • Important for seed dispersal and pollination – Frugivores and folivores • Some species migratory Lesser longtongued fruit bat. Chiropteran Families • Microchiroptera – 17 families (see Chpt 13 textbook) – Widely distributed – Designed to optimize echolocation • Nose leaf • Tragus or antitragus – Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, and Molossidae are insectivorous – Phyllostomidae: vampire bats Megachiroptera Spectacled Flying Fox Lesser long-tongued fruit bat. Microchiroptera Bats & Humans • negative – Rabies (1-4% of infected individuals in a population) – Losses to the livestock industry • positive – Predator of insects – Guano – Medical research Bat Conservation • Loss of habitat – Draining riparian areas • Insecticide accumulation • Hunting • Some bat spp. Recently extinct, 2 spp. Endangered • Wind power • White-nose syndrome • Indiana Bats • Little Brown Bats Order: Scandentia “the climbing ones” • 2 Families: – Tupaiidae - tree shrews • 4 genera, 19 spp. – Ptilocerciae – pen-tailed tree shrew • 1 genus, 1 sp. • • • • • Close relationship w/ primates (~most primitive living primate) Oriental region Terrestrial, arboreal, and semiarboreal Most diurnal; (pen-tailed tree shrew – nocturnal) Most resemble squirrels, but have shorter vibrissae, more slender snout • Mostly insectivorous, some fruit • Scent mark Order Scandentia • • • • • • Tail length = Body length Large braincase Somewhat elongate rostrum Postorbital bar present L I procumbent (grooming) 6 spp. endangered or threatened (loss of forest habitat) Order: Primates “first” or “primary ones” • 15 families, 376 spp. • Mainly arboreal, some terrestrial • Hands & Digits increased mobility & sensitivity • Omnivorous, herbivorous, insectivorous • Inc. sight, Dec. olfaction • Muzzle region shortened • Stereoscopic vision • Complex social behavior Skull Features • • • • Orbits directed forward Cheek teeth bunodont (low) Postorbital bar or plate present Braincase usually enlarged Strepsirhini vs Haplorhini (suborder) • Strepsirhine primates: – Lemurs, lorises & bushbabies • • • • bicornate uterus (2 horns) rhinarium: hairless skin around nostrils epithiliochorial placenta (non invasive) tooth combs • Haplorhine primates: – Monkeys, apes & tarsiers • • • • fused simplex uterus no rhinarium hemochorial placenta (invasive) spatulate incisors Suborder Strepsirhini • 7 families: – – – – Cheirogaleidae: dwarf & mouse lemurs Lepilemuridae: sportive lemurs Lemuridae: lemurs Indridae: indris, sifakas, … – Daubentoniidae: aye–aye – Lorisidae: lorises, angwantibos & pottos – Galagidae: bushbabies Primarily found in Madagascar Suborder Haplorhini • 8 Families – Tarsiidae - tarsiers – Cebidae - marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, squirrel monkeys – Atoidae - night monkeys – Atelidae - howler monkeys, spider monkeys, et al. (prehensile) – Pitheciidae - titi monkeys & sakis – Cerceopithecidae - old world monkeys & colocines • 40% primate spp. – Hylobatidae - gibbons, siamangs & lesser apes – Hominidae - great apes & humans Conservation • Human uses– Food – Medicinal model systems (polio vaccine) – Habitat destruction & direct killing • Mining of coltan tantalum (for cell phones) – Disease: e.g., Ebola virus • December 7, 2006 “The Ebola virus is marching steadily across western and central Africa, wiping out more than 90 percent of the gorillas in its path and threatening the species with extinction, a new study says.” Lesser Bush baby Tarsier Aye-Aye Slim-tailed Loris RingTailed Lemur Snow Macaque Common Chimpanzee Goldenheaded Lion Tamarin Western Tarsier Guinea Baboon Western Gorilla Bornean Orangutan Week 3 Teeth, Integument Mammal Orders • Lagomorpha • Rodentia • Macroscelidae • Tubulidentata • Pilosa • Cingulata • Pholidota Order: Lagomorpha • “hare-shaped” • Three families: – Leporidae – rabbits and hares – Ochotonidae – pikas – Prolagidae – Sardinian pika (extinct) • Terrestrial, some burrow • Herbivorous, Coprophagous • Altricial vs. precocial • Game species (food & fur) and „pest‟ • Hindfeet larger than forefeet • Hindfeet plantigrade, Forefeet digitigrade Skull Features • Maxilla perforated • 4 upper incisors Family Comparison Leporidae (NY) Ochotonidae • • • • • • • • • • 11 g, 61 spp. Larger Tail short Ears very long Several maxillary openings 1 g, 30 spp. Smaller Tail absent Ears short & rounded 1 large opening Order: Rodentia • • • • • • • • ~42% of all mammal species (2277 spp) “gnawing” mammals, omnivorous 33 families in 5 Suborders Many endangered species (loss of habitat, hunting) Size range: small mouse (~2 g) – capybara (50kg) Worldwide distribution (except NZ, islands, marine) Many introduced species - pests Skull features: ~ Evergrowing, arc-shaped incisors ~ Diastema present ~ Canines and premolars absent Suborder Myomorpha • 6 Families: – Dipodidae - jerboas, birch mice, jumping mice – Platacanthomyidae - tree mice – Spalacidae - bamboo rats, zokors, blind mole rats – Calomyscidae - mouse-like hamsters – Critidae - (700 spp)- New World rats & mice – Muridae- (1300 spp.)-Old World rats & mice Suborder Sciuromorpha • 3 Families – Aplodontidae - mountain beaver – Gliridae - dormice – Sciuridae - (280 spp.)- squirrels Suborder Castorimorpha • 3 Families: – Geomyidae - pocket gophers – Heteromyidae - kangaroo rats & mice, pocket mice – Castoridae- beaver Suborder Anomaluromorpha • 2 Families – Anomaluridae - scaly-tailed flying squirrels – Pedetidae - springhare Suborder Hystricomorpha • 17 Families – Heptaxodontidae - Key mice & giant hutias – Hystricidae - Old World porcupines – Petromuridae - dassie rat – Thryonomyidae - cane rats – Erethizontidae - New World porcupines – Chinchillidae - chincillas & viscachas – Dinomyidae - pacarana – Caviidae - guinea pigs, cavies, Patagonian „hares‟ & capybaras Suborder Hystricomorpha 18 Families Dasyproctidae - agoutis & acouchis Cuniculidae - pacas Ctenomyidae - (60 spp.) tuco-tucos Octodontidae - octodontids Abrocomidae - chincilla rats Echimyidae - spiny rats Myocastoridae -nutria Capromyidae -hutias Bathyergidae - mole-rat Rodents & Humans • Important for food & fur (beaver, muskrat) • Important for scientific study – Behavior, physiology, psychology – Pharmeucticals • Considered pests due to damage to crops & grain stores • Vectors of epidemics (Bubonic plague) Suborders Angular process originates in same vertical plane as jaw Angular process originates laterally to jaw Old world porcupine Springhaas Dormouse Kangaroo Rat Pocket gopher Capybara Paca Jeroba Lesser Bamboo Rat Naked mole rat Sewellel Rodentia (NYS families you should know) • Suborder Sciuromorphia - Sciruidae: squirrels and marmots - Castoridae: beavers - Dipodidae: jumping mice - Muridae: rats and mice ~ Arvicolinae – muskrats, voles, lemmings ~ Murinae – Old world rats, mice ~ Sigmodontinae – New world rats, mice • Suborder Histricognathi - Erethizontidae: New World porcupines Order: Macroscelidea • Consists of 1 family: Macroscelididae – “large hind-limbed ones” also called “elephant shrews” • • • • Terrestrial Large eyes and ears Long, slender, mobile snout Skull features: - Imperforate zygomatic arch - No postorbital bar • Eats primarily insects • Quadrapedal scurry, leap or hop if alarmed Family: Macroscelididae Order: Tubulidentata • 1 family (Orycteropodidae), 1 species – Aardvark “earth hog” • Named for unique teeth - lack enamel, have hexagonal prisms of dentine surrounding tubular pulp cavities • Solitary, secretive & elusive • Semifossorial, have claw/hoof-like digits • Primarily feed on invertebrates, sometimes herbivorous • Long tongues • Skull features ~ Elongate and conical shape ~ No incisors or canines ~ 5 flat cheek teeth • Reduced throughout their range Cingulata and Pilosa formerly Xenarthra, formerly or Edentata • “xenarthrous” extra articulations of vertebrae that stiffen the backbone in that region • Edentata, “ones without teeth” • Low metabolic rates • Consists of 5 families: – Dasypodidae (armadillos) – Myrmecophagidae & Cyclopedidae (anteaters) – Magalonychidae and Bradypodidae (sloths) Order Cingulata • 1 Family: Dasypodidae - Armadillos – 9 genera, 21 spp. – Nine-banded only one in North America – Burrow extensively – Opportunistic (insects, veg & carrion) – Armor-like carapace (shell made of dermal bony scales and epidermal scales) – Cylindrical homodont rootless cheekteeth – Some species have dense hair covering shell Order Pilosa: Sloths & Anteaters • Suborder Folivora - Sloths – 2 Families: 2 genera,6 spp. • 2 and 3 toed sloths – Arboreal – Syndactylous toes and large curved claws – No I or C; cylindrical rootless cheek teeth – Coarse hair w/ algae – Slow moving – Herbivorous – Rudimentary tail Order Pilosa • Suborder Vermilingua (“worm tongue”) - Anteaters – 3 genera,4 spp. – Eat primarily ants and termites – Long, tapered skull with long rostrum – Long, fast tongues for rapid extraction of insects, small mouths – Large claws – Some nocturnal – Some terrestrial, some arboreal Order: Pholidota „Scaly ones‟ • • • • • 1 family – Manidae: Pangolins Insectivorous, insects crushed in stomach large epidermal scales, always same number Some arboreal (prehensile tail), others terrestrial Skull features: -Incomplete zygomatic arch -teeth absent Week 4 Horns and Antlers, Post Cranial Skeleton Mammal Orders • Proboscidea • Hyracoidea • Artiodactyla • Perissodactyla Placental Mammals (cont.) Class Mammalia Sublcass Prototheria (monotremes, 1 order, 5 sp) Subclass Theria • Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 sp) • Infraclass Eutheria (placental mammals, 22 orders, ~ 5,100 species) Order: Proboscidea • 1 family (Elephantidae), 3 species (2 African, 1 Asian) • Prehensile proboscis • Largest living land mammals • Graviportal limbs • Internal testes • Skull features ~Evergrowing upper incisors (tusks) ~Canines absent ~Molars replaced from back of jaw African Forest Elephant Loxodonta cyclotis Asian Elephant Elaphas maximus African Bush Elephant Loxodonta africana Conservation • Involved in human culture – Zoos, circuses, draft animals • • • • Range of both species is reduced Asian elephant endangered (since 1986) African elephants endangered (currently) Destroy crops, increase soil erosion, decrease resources available to other spp. culling • Ivory trade may --- tuskless, downsizing Order: Hyracoidea • • • • • • “Conies” or Hyraxes 1 family: Procaviidae Herbivorous Terrestrial and arboreal forms Adhesive pads on feet, plantigrade limbs Skull features ~ triangular incisors ~ 4 lower incisors (1/2 0/0 4/4 3/3) Conservation • Tree hyraxes hunted for meat & fur and they are affected by habitat loss, but • No species of hyrax is currently threatened or endangered Order: Perissodactyla • „Odd-fingered ones‟ • Herbivorous • 3 families • Enlarged central digit (mesaxonic) • Characteristics of the families ~ # forelimb digits * Equidae (horses, zebras, asses) 1 * Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses) 3 * Tapiridae (tapirs) 4 (1 reduced) Conservation • Horses important domestic spp. (150 breeds) • Some spp. of equids recently extinct or extirpated in the wild (African quagga) • Tapirs reduced throughout their range due to hunting & loss of habitat (2 end, 2 threat) • Rhinoceroses targets of poachers for horns and other body parts & all spp are endangered (some critically) Order: Artiodactyla • „Even-digited ones‟, paraxonic limb structure ~ #3 and 4 digits support most weight, hooves • Most herbivorous • Skull features variable – horns, antlers • Many species domesticated • 3 suborders, 10 families (pg 174) • Generalizations between the 3 groups (next slide) ~ Suiformes ~ Tylopoda ~ Ruminantia • Suiformes (non-ruminant stomach) Groups – Family Suidae - pigs, hogs – Family Tayassuidae- peccaries – Family Hippopotamidae- hippo • Tylopoda (unique hoof structure “swollen foot”, cushioning pads, 3 chambered stomach) – Family Camelidae- camels, llamas, alpacas & allies • Ruminantia (Ruminants, most males have antlers, some females too) – – – – – – Family Cervidae- deer Family Bovidae- antelope, cattle, goats, gazelles, sheep Family Antilocapridae- pronghorn Family Giraffidae- giraffes & okapis Family Moschidae- musk deer Family Tragulidae- chevrotians Chevrotain Greater Kudu Musk deer Conservation • Important for humans (domesticated) • Some spp no longer found in the wild (auroch = ancestor of cows) • Meat, hides, sport hunting • Some spp threatened or endangered – Pygmy hippo, Javan pig, Bactrian camel, Visayan spotted deer, Sonoran pronghorns, Horns & Antlers • • • • • True Horns Pronghorns Antlers Giraffe „Horns‟ Rhinoceros „Horns‟ Skeletal System • Functions • Axial vs. Appendicular • Joints – Fibrous – Cartilaginous – Synovial • • • • • Hinge Ball & Socket Pivot Saddle Gliding Various kinds of joints. Fibrous: A, syndesmosis (tibiofibular); B, suture (skull). Cartilaginous: C, symphysis (vertebral bodies); D, synchondrosis (first rib and sternum). Synovial: E, condyloid (wrist); F, gliding (radioulnar); G, hinge or ginglymus (elbow); H, ball and socket (hip); I, saddle (carpometacarpal of thumb); J, pivot (atlantoaxial). Week 5 • Locomotion, Marine Mammals Mammal Orders • Carnivora • Cetacea • Sirenia Class Mammalia Sublcass Prototheria (monotremes, 1 order, 5 sp) Subclass Theria • Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 sp) • Infraclass Eutheria (placental mammals, 22 orders, ~ 5,100 species) Order: Carnivora „Flesh eaters‟ • Consists of 15 families • Primarily omnivores, some carnivores, some insectivores, some herbivores • Found in almost every habitat • Terrestrial, arboreal, fossorial, aquatic… • Great variation in size (least weasel to elephant seals) • Zygomatic arch present • Carnassials teeth Carnivora Families (NYS in black) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Canidae – Dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals & coyotes Ursidae – Bears, pandas Procyonidae – Racoons, coatis et al. Mustelidae – Badgers, otters & weasels Mephitidae- Skunks & stink badgers Ailuridae- Red panda Otariidae – Sea lions, fur seals Odobenidae – Walrus Phocidae – True seals Viverridae – Civets, genets, linsangs Herpestidae – Mongooses Hyaenidae – Hyenas, aardwolf Felidae – Cats Eupleridae- Malagasy carnivores (Madagascar fossa, civet) Nandiniidae- African palm civet Fissipeds vs. Pinnipeds • ~Fissipeds:„claw-foot‟ – all carnivores except pinnipeds (fin foots, below) • three lower incisors (except sea otter = 2) • ~Pinnipeds: „fin-foot‟ – Otariidae, Odobenidae, Phocidae – sea lions & fur seals, walrus, and true seals • • • • • Carnassials not present Reduced limbs Webbed feet called flippers Fusiform body shape Subcutaneous fat • Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals) – Hind limbs can be rotated forward (fig 19.9) – Pinnae present, but small – May have underfur • Odobenidae (walrus) – Upper canines forming tusks • Phocidae (true seals) – Hind limbs cannot be rotated forward – Pinnae absent – Underfur never present in adults Canidae Ursidae Otariidae Mustelidae Odobenidae Ailuridae Phocidae Hyaenidae Family Nandiniidae – African palm civet Herpestidae Felidae Viverridae – banded linsangs Eupleridae- Malagasy carnivores (Madagascar fossa) Order: Cetacea • Greek word meaning “whale” • Two suborders: - Mysticeti - baleen whales - Odontoceti - toothed whales, dolphins, porpoises • Fully aquatic mammals • Horizontal pair of large flukes • External hind limbs absent • Blowholes = nostrils • Practically hairless, small eyes, pinnae absent • Large brain • Blubber for insulation • Penis retractile, testes are permanently internal • Adapted for long deep dives Suborder: Mysticeti Mysticeti - baleen whales Suborder • “mystic whale” Mysticeti • Lack teeth, have baleen plates • 2 separate adjacent blowholes • Largest creature known to ever have lived • More commonly found outside of tropical waters • Four Families: – Balaenidae – Right whales (2 g, 4 spp.) – Eschrichtiidae – Gray whale (1 sp.) – Balaenopteridae – Humpback , Blue, Fin, Sei, Minke (2 g, 7 spp.) – Neobalaenidae – Pygmy right whale (1 sp.) Suborder: Odontoceti • • • • • • • “toothed whales” (some don‟t have teeth) Single rooted, unicuspid, conical, and homodont Eat fish or inverts Poor sight, olfaction, good hearing – sonar single blowhole Often stay near coastlines Seven Families: – – – – – – – Platanistidae – Indian river dolphins (1 g, 2 spp.) Delphinidae – Dolphins, killer whales (17 g, 34 spp.) Phocoenidae – Porpoises (3 g, 6 spp.) Monodontidae – Narwhal and beluga (2 g, 2 spp.) Physeteridae – Sperm whales (2 g, 3 spp.) Ziphiidae – Beaked whales (6 g, 21 spp.) Iniidae- River dolphins (3 g, 3 spp.) Suborder: Odontoceti Conservation • Whales taken for meat, oil & baleen • International Whaling Commission (1946) – Harvest quotas & protections on certain spp. – No enforcement power • Japan, Norway & Russia whale commercially under guise of scientific collections • Populations rebounding in some spp. (blue & gray) & not in others (bowhead & right) • A quarter of the spp. are threatened or endangered Order: Sirenia • “sea nymphs” or “sirens” • Two families: Trichechidae (1 g, 3 s) & Dugongidae (2 g, 2 s) • Fully aquatic mammals • Vegetarians • Short, flexible neck separates from most Cetaceans • Often scarred or killed by boats • Skull features ~ No canines ~ Nasal bones absent or rudimentary Manatees vs. dugong - # neck vertebrae (6 vs normal 7) - tail margin smooth, tail cleft Conservation • Killed intentionally or unintentionally by several ways: – Hunting (meat, bones, hide, fat) – Incidental catch – Drowning – Destruction or degradation of habitat – Struck by boat propellers • Very slow reproductive rate • All 4 spp. considered threatened – Protected by the Marine Mammal Act & the ESA Mammal Orders ~ 5,400 species in ~ 30 Orders ~ 150 families; – 23 families are monospecific