Download Power Point Show of The World`s Orders of Mammals

Week 1
• Introduction
• Mammal Orders
– Monotremata
– Didelphimorphia (Marsupialia)
Mammal Orders
revisions from 2005 – WILSON AND REEDER
• ~ 5,400 species in
• ~ 29 Orders
• ~ 150 families;
– 23 families are monospecific
TAs – hand out table of full list of current orders
(and previous system)
Class Mammalia
Sublcass Prototheria (monotremes, 1 order, 5 sp)
Subclass Theria
• Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 sp)
• Infraclass Eutheria (placental mammals, 22 orders,
~ 5,100 species)
Monotremes:
“one holed ones”
Subclass: Prototheria
Order: Monotremata
Order: Monotremata
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Egg-laying mammals
Milk secreted from pores in skin
Teeth absent in adults
Primitive skull features
Males (and some females) have spurs
No vibrissae
Cloaca present
Penis bifurcate
Testes abdominal, no baculum = a slim bone that
supports rigidity of the penis in many mammals, including rodents,
carnivores, and primates
Order: Monotremata
• Family: Ornithorhyncidae
1 species - Platypus
• Family: Tachyglossidae
4 species - Echidnas
Family: Ornithorhyncidae
Duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhyncus anatinus)
Family: Ornithorhyncidae
• Semiaquatic and semifossorial
• Has webbed feet, and dorso-ventrally
flattened tail
• Duck-like beak has electro-receptors
• Ankle spurs have venom secreting gland
Family: Tachyglossidae
Short-nosed echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)
Family: Tachyglossidae
• Terrestrial and semi-fossorial (insects)
• Females have temporary pouch, develops
during breeding season
• Only four species
• ID (skull) – edentulate, no auditory bullae
• ID – Spines over body, hollow spur on
ankles
Marsupials:
have pouches (=marsupium)
Class Mammalia
Sublcass Prototheria (monotremes, 1 order, 5 sp)
Subclass Theria
• Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 sp)
• Infraclass Eutheria (placental mammals, 22 orders,
~ 5,100 species)
Characteristics of Marsupials
(reproduction – key)
• # upper incisors > lower
Reproduction (vs. placentals)
• Marsupium (in most)
• Yolk sac placenta
• “Split” Reproductive system
– 2 sep. uteri
– 2 vaginal canals
– Bifurcate penis
• Scrotum anterior to penis
• Separate urogenital & anal openings
Marsupials vs. Placentals
• Shorter gestation
time
• Lower investment of
energy in raising
young
• Lower metabolic
rate
• Smaller brain size
Convergent evolution
Marsupials
Seven Orders
• Variable dentition (# incisors, permolars,
• Arboreal, semiaquatic,
semifossorial, fossorial lifestyles
• Climbing forms have opposable hallux,
others reduced or absent
• Some syndactylous
• Plantigrade vs. digitigrade
Plantigrade vs. Digitigrade
(unguligrade)
Differences in dentition Incisors
Diprotodont vs. Polyprotodont
Syndactylous Feet
Kangaroo rat
Water opossum
Order: Didelphimorphia
Contains ONE family: Didelphidae
– Opossums (15 genera, 63 species)
•
•
•
•
•
Confined to Neotropical and Nearctic
Prehensile tail (most), often naked
Clawless, often offset hallux
Paired sperm
Diverse habits and habitats: terrestrial,
arboreal, semifossorial, semiaquatic.
Family: Didelphidae
Virginia opossum
(Didelphis virginiana)
Only marsupial of the
North of Mexico
Marmosops spp.
South America
Family: Didelphidae
Brown four-eyed opossum
(Metachirus nudicaudatus)
South America
Mouse opossum (Marmosa elegans)
South America
Marsupials (other orders):
Class Mammalia
Sublcass Prototheria (monotremes, 1 order, 5 sp)
Subclass Theria
- Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 sp)
Order: Didelphimorphia
Other 6 orders of marsupials
• know the scientific name of the order
• common name of the order
Subclass Theria
(marsupials, 7 orders, 330 spp)
DIDELPHIMORPHIA (87 spp) –
opossums
PAUCITUBERCULATA (6 spp) – “flap
lips” or shrew opossum
MICROBIOTHERIA (1 sp) – monito del
monte
DASYUROMORPHIA (70 sp) –
numbats, marsupial mice, Tasm. wolf
and devils
PARAMELEMORPHIA (21 spp) -
bandicoots and bilbies
DIPROTODONTIA – kangaroos,
koalas, wombats, cuscusses,
wallabies, gliders
NOTORYCTEMORPHIA (2 spp) –
marsupial moles
Subclass Theria
(marsupials, 7 orders, 330 spp)
DIDELPHIMORPHIA (87 spp) –
opossums
PAUCITUBERCULATA (6 spp) – “flap
lips” or shrew opossum
MICROBIOTHERIA (1 sp) – monito del
monte
DASYUROMORPHIA (70 sp) –
numbats, marsupial mice, Tasm. wolf
and devils
PARAMELEMORPHIA (21 spp) -
bandicoots and bilbies
DIPROTODONTIA – kangaroos,
koalas, wombats, cuscusses,
wallabies, gliders
NOTORYCTEMORPHIA (2 spp) –
marsupial moles
Conservation Status
Marsupials are not limited to Australia,
and many native mammals of Australia are placentals
• Many Australian spp. are endangered or extinct
– Predation or competition with introduced organisms
(placentals)
– Destruction of habitat
– Small populations
• 10 (6.5%)Australian spp. Extinct in the past
century (~ 83 mammals worldwide since 1500)
• 5 Australian species critically endangered, 17
endangered, 30+ vulnerable (1996)
• A more detailed overview of these families
follows (view on own, via intranet)
• Not responsible for this detail, but this
might be of interest
• Includes a diversity of very good images
• Students are not responsible for this level
of detail, but information may be
interesting
Order: Paucituberculata
Contains ONE family: Caenolestidae
– Flaplips (3 genera, 5 species)
• “Flaplips” (external membrane on lips)
• Terrestrial, shrew like
• Marsupium never present
• Tail is long and haired
• Hindfoot didactylous (only 2 toes)
• Clawless, nail less hallux
• Paired sperm
Family: Caenolestidae
Caenolestes spp.
Shrew opossum (Lestoros inca)
Order: Microbiotheria
Contains ONE family: Microbiotheriidae
• Consists of ONE extant species (monito del
monte)
• Marsupium present
• Naked strip under tail
• Opposumlike appearance
• Semiarboreal, scansorial (adapted for climbing)
• I 5/4, polyprotodont
• Large auditory bullae
• Didactylous
• Opposable hallux
Family: Microbiotheriidae
Monito del monte
(Dromiciops australis)
Order: Dasyuromorphia
Contains 3 Families: 17 genera, 63 spp.
• Most insectivorous or carnivorous
• Most terrestrial, some arboreal
• Canines well developed
• I 4/3, polyprotodont
• Prehensile tail, Hallux clawless (if present)
• Didactylous
Order: Dasyuromorphia
• Three families:
–Myrmecobiidae:1 genus, 1 sp.
–Thylacinidae (extinct): 1 genus, 1 sp.
–Dasyuridae: 15 genera, 61 spp.
Family: Myrmecobiidae (single species)
Numbat (Mymecobius fasciatus)
Of serious conservation concern
Family: Thylacinidae (only species extinct)
Tasmanian wolf (Thylacinus cyanocephalus)
Family: Dasyuridae (15 genera, 61 species)
Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus lanarius)
Of serious conservation concern
Family: Dasyuridae
Spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus)
Order: Notoryctemorphia
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Contains ONE family: Notoryctidae (1 genus, 2 spp.)
Fossorial
Marsupium present
Spade-like forefeet (claws 3 & 4 digits)
Short, naked tail
Rostral shield
Pinnae and external eyes absent
I 3-4/3, Polyprotodont
Syndactylous
Family: Notoryctidae
Marsupial mole (Notoryctes typhlops)
Order: Peramelemorphia
Contains 3 Families: 6 genera, 13 spp.
• Terrestrial, primarily insectivorous
• Flattened I 4-5/3, Polyprotodont (share w/
Dasyuromorpha)
• Skull conical and rostrum elongate
• Hindlimbs longer than forelimbs
• Syndactylous toes (share w/ Diprotodontia),
lateral digits rudimentary/absent
• Marsupium present, opens to rear
• Chorioallanatoic placenta w/o villi
Order: Peramelemorphia
• Three families –
–Thylacomyidae: 1 genus, 2 spp.
–Chaeropodidae (extinct): 1 genus, 1 sp.
–Peramelidae: 4 genera, 10 spp.
Family: Thylacomyidae (1 genus, 2
species)
Greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis)
Lesser bilby (Macrotis leucura)
Family Chaeropodidae (extinct)
Pig-footed bandicoot
Chaeropus ecaudatus
Family: Peramelidae (6 genera, 18 species)
• Bandicoots & echymiperas
Northern brown bandicoot
(Isodon macrourus)
Long nosed echymipera
(Echymipera rufescens)
Family: Peramelidae
Long-nosed bandicoot (Parameles nasuta)
Order: Diprotodontia (39 genera, 116 spp.)
•
•
•
Suborder Vombatiformes
• Family Phascolarctidae
• Family Vombatidae
Suborder Phalangeriformes
– Superfamily Phalangeroidea
• Family Burramyidae
• Family Phalangeridae
– Superfamily Petauroidea
• Family Pseudocheiridae
• Family Acrobatidae
• Family Tarsipedidae
• Family Petauridae
Suborder Macropodiformes
• Family Potoroidae
• Family Macropodidae
• Family Hypsiprymnodontidae
Order: Diprotodontia
•
•
•
•
•
Primarily herbivorous
Terrestrial, semifossorial, arboreal
I 3-2/3, Diprotodont
Marsupium present
Syndactylous 2nd and 3rd digits on hindfoot
Suborder Vombatiformes
Family: Phascolarctidae
(single species)
Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Family: Vombatidae (2 genera, 3 species)
Common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)
Suborder Phalangeriformes
Superfamily Phalangeroidea
Family: Burramyidae (2 genera, 5 species)
Eastern pygmy possum
Cercartetus nanus
Family: Phanlangeridae
(6 genera, 18 species)
Spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus)
Superfamily Petauroidea
Family Pseudocheiridae (6 genera, 17 species)
Common ringtail
Pseudocheirus peregrinus
Family Acrobatidae (2 genera, 2 species)
Feathertail possum
Distoechurus pennatus
Family: Tarsipedidae (single species)
Honey possum (Tarsipes spenserae)
Family: Petauridae (3 genera, 11 species)
Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps)
Suborder Macropodiformes
Family: Potoroidae (5 genera, 9 species)
Tasmanian bettong
Bettongia gaimardi
Family: Macropodidae
(11 genera, 54 species)
Swamp wallaby
(Wallabia bicolor)
Eastern grey kangaroo
(Macropus giganteus)
Family: Hypsiprymnodontidae
Musky rat kangaroo
(Hypsiprymnodon moschatus)
Conservation Status
Marsupials are not limited to Australia,
and many native mammals of Australia are placentals
• Many Australian spp. are endangered or
extinct
– Predation or competition with introduced
organisms (placentals)
– Destruction of habitat
– Small populations
• 10 spp. Extinct in the past century (6.5%)
• 5 spp. critically endangered, 17
endangered, 30+ vulnerable (1996)
Week 2
Skulls
Placental Mammal Orders
• Soricomorpha
• Erinaceomorpha
• Afrosoricida
• Dermoptera
• Chiroptera
• Scandentia
• Primates
Placental Mammals
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
7 Orders today
Afrosoricida- tenrecs, otter shrews & golden moles
Erinaceomorpha - hedgehogs & gynmures
Soricomorpha - solenodons, shrews, shrew-moles &
desmans
Dermoptera - colugos
Chiroptera - bats
Scandentia - tree shrews
Primates - primates
Former Order: Insectivora
split in to three
Soricomorpha, Erinaceomorpha, Afrosoricida
• Diet consists of primarily invertebrates, also omnivorous
• Many characteristics primitive
• Generally have a small body size
• “Wastebasket taxon”
– No single character or combination can distinguish
from other orders
Former Order: Insectivora
split in to three
Soricomorpha, Erinaceomorpha, Afrosoricida
• Terrestrial, fossorial, and semiaquatic
• Feet usually plantigrade with 5 toes
• Eyes usually small
• Zygomatic arch usually reduced or absent
• Has been split into 3 orders: Soricomorpha,
Afrosoricida & Erinaceomorpha
Order Soricomorpha
• “Shrew-form”
• 3 Families
– Solenodontidae – Solenodons
• 1 genus, 4 spp., 2 extant
• Geog. restricted (DR & Haiti)
• Fossorial, networks of tunnels
• Long pelage, naked tail, claws & pinnae
Order Soricomorpha
• “Shrew-form”
• 3 Families
• Pointed, flexible snout used to capture prey
• Omnivorous
• High frequency clicking
• Toxin in submaxillary gland
• Endangered (hab loss, introduced spp., low
repro rate)
Order Soricomorpha
– Family Soricidae- Shrews
• Largest & most widely distributed
• 26 genera, 376 spp.
• 2 subfamilies (red vs. white toothed)
• Small (2- 100g)
• Short legs w/ unspecialized feet
• Small eyes
• Long, pointed rostrum
• Short, dense & dark pelage
• Glands that produce musk during breeding
season
What‟s
missing?
Family Soricidae
• 1st U I large, hooked &
has posterior cusp
• 1st L I long & procumbent (project hor forward)
• Mainly insectivorous, many omnivorous
• Terrestrial (moist)
• High metabolic rates
• Several spp. can secrete a toxin (salivary)
• Many spp. communicate with high frequency
sounds
• Few spp. exhibit caravanning
• Numerous spp. threatened or endangered
Order Soricomorpha
– Family Talpidae - Moles, Shrew-moles & Desmans
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
17 genera, 39 spp.
Terrestrial, fossorial, semiaquatic
Tunneling & Burrowing
Fusiform body shape
Short powerful limbs
Short, smooth pelage
Pinnae reduced, eyes minute
Keeled sternum
Forefeet large & paddle-like
Have small domed mechanosensroy organs „Eimer‟s
organs‟
Family Talipidae
• Desmans
– Aquatic inverts & fish
– Hind feet webbed with fringe of hairs
– Long, flexible snout
– Echolocate
– 2 spp. Vulnerable (Hab loss, Construction,
Water pollution, Intro spp. & Direct harvest for
pelts)
• Several spp. of moles & shrew-moles
endangered also
Order Erinaceomorpha
• 1 Family
– Erinaceidae – Hedgehogs
& Gymnures
• 10 genera, 24 spp.
• Hedgehogs
–
–
–
–
Spines on back & sides
Mainly nocturnal & terrestrial (some semiarboreal)
All omnivorous
Torpor, some spp. True hibernators, estivate
• Gymnures
– No spines
– Omnivorous
– Hydric environments
Order Afrosoricida
• 2 Families
– Tenrecidae – Tenrecs &
Otter Shrews
• 10 genera, 30 spp. (27 tenrecs in Madagascar, 3
otter shrews in w-central Africa)
• Terrestrial, fossorial, semiaquatic
• No auditory bullae & no jugal bone
• I & C small & unspecialized
• Several spp. ~Heterothermic & Enter torpor during
day or hibernate seasonally
• Some spp. Can echolocate
• Several spp. endangered
Order Afrosoricida
– Chrysochloridae – Golden Moles
• 9 genera, 21 spp. (central & southern Africa)
• Live in arid environments
–
–
–
–
•
•
•
•
•
Nocturnal foraging
Torpor
Low metabolic rate
Very efficient kidney function
No pinnae
Poorly developed eyes
Leather-like pad on nose for pushing soil
Large Claws
?Ability to use seismic clues
Order: Dermoptera
“skin winged ones”
• Single living family: Cynocephalidae
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
– Colugos - “Flying lemur”
2 genera, 1 sp. in each
Primarily herbivorous
Hang from trees, similar to sloth
Young hang onto patagium of mother
Furred patagium extends to neck and tail
Lower incisors are pectinate (comb-like)
range = southest asia, threatened due to hab loss,
hunting for fur & food
Never kept alive in a zoo longer than a few months
Family: Cynocephalidae
Order: Chiroptera
“Hand winged ones”
• Second largest order
– 18 families, 202 genera & 1,116 spp.
• Diets consist of fruit, nectar, pollen, fish, other
vertebrates invertebrates, blood
• Most are nocturnal
• Roost (caves, hollow trees)
• Most produce single litter/yr (1-2 young)
• Torpor & Hibernation
• Guano
Reasons for success:
• Only true flying mammals
• Echolocation
• Migration
Spectacled Flying Fox
Chiropteran Families
• Megachiroptera
– Pteropodidae: Old World fruit bats
• 42 genera, 166 species
• Primarily nocturnal
• Navigate primarily using vision
– Large eyes
• With one exception, do not echolocate
– Lack tragus and noseleaf
• Important for seed dispersal and pollination
– Frugivores and folivores
• Some species migratory
Lesser longtongued fruit bat.
Chiropteran Families
• Microchiroptera
– 17 families (see Chpt 13 textbook)
– Widely distributed
– Designed to optimize echolocation
• Nose leaf
• Tragus or antitragus
– Rhinolophidae, Vespertilionidae, and
Molossidae are insectivorous
– Phyllostomidae: vampire bats
Megachiroptera
Spectacled Flying Fox
Lesser long-tongued
fruit bat.
Microchiroptera
Bats & Humans
• negative
– Rabies (1-4% of infected individuals in a
population)
– Losses to the livestock industry
• positive
– Predator of insects
– Guano
– Medical research
Bat Conservation
• Loss of habitat
– Draining riparian areas
• Insecticide accumulation
• Hunting
• Some bat spp. Recently extinct, 2 spp.
Endangered
• Wind power
• White-nose syndrome
• Indiana Bats
• Little Brown Bats
Order: Scandentia
“the climbing ones”
• 2 Families:
– Tupaiidae - tree shrews
• 4 genera, 19 spp.
– Ptilocerciae – pen-tailed tree shrew
• 1 genus, 1 sp.
•
•
•
•
•
Close relationship w/ primates (~most primitive living primate)
Oriental region
Terrestrial, arboreal, and semiarboreal
Most diurnal; (pen-tailed tree shrew – nocturnal)
Most resemble squirrels, but have shorter vibrissae,
more slender snout
• Mostly insectivorous, some fruit
• Scent mark
Order Scandentia
•
•
•
•
•
•
Tail length = Body length
Large braincase
Somewhat elongate rostrum
Postorbital bar present
L I procumbent (grooming)
6 spp. endangered or threatened (loss of
forest habitat)
Order: Primates
“first” or “primary ones”
• 15 families, 376 spp.
• Mainly arboreal, some terrestrial
• Hands & Digits increased mobility &
sensitivity
• Omnivorous, herbivorous, insectivorous
• Inc. sight, Dec. olfaction
• Muzzle region shortened
• Stereoscopic vision
• Complex social behavior
Skull Features
•
•
•
•
Orbits directed forward
Cheek teeth bunodont (low)
Postorbital bar or plate present
Braincase usually enlarged
Strepsirhini vs Haplorhini
(suborder)
• Strepsirhine primates:
– Lemurs, lorises & bushbabies
•
•
•
•
bicornate uterus (2 horns)
rhinarium: hairless skin around nostrils
epithiliochorial placenta (non invasive)
tooth combs
• Haplorhine primates:
– Monkeys, apes & tarsiers
•
•
•
•
fused simplex uterus
no rhinarium
hemochorial placenta (invasive)
spatulate incisors
Suborder Strepsirhini
• 7 families:
–
–
–
–
Cheirogaleidae: dwarf & mouse lemurs
Lepilemuridae: sportive lemurs
Lemuridae: lemurs
Indridae: indris, sifakas, …
– Daubentoniidae: aye–aye
– Lorisidae: lorises, angwantibos & pottos
– Galagidae: bushbabies
Primarily found in Madagascar
Suborder Haplorhini
• 8 Families
– Tarsiidae - tarsiers
– Cebidae - marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, squirrel
monkeys
– Atoidae - night monkeys
– Atelidae - howler monkeys, spider monkeys, et al.
(prehensile)
– Pitheciidae - titi monkeys & sakis
– Cerceopithecidae - old world monkeys & colocines
• 40% primate spp.
– Hylobatidae - gibbons, siamangs & lesser apes
– Hominidae - great apes & humans
Conservation
• Human uses– Food
– Medicinal model systems (polio vaccine)
– Habitat destruction & direct killing
• Mining of coltan  tantalum (for cell phones)
– Disease: e.g., Ebola virus
• December 7, 2006 “The Ebola virus is marching steadily
across western and central Africa, wiping out more than 90
percent of the gorillas in its path and threatening the species
with extinction, a new study says.”
Lesser Bush
baby
Tarsier
Aye-Aye
Slim-tailed Loris
RingTailed
Lemur
Snow Macaque
Common Chimpanzee
Goldenheaded Lion
Tamarin
Western Tarsier
Guinea Baboon
Western Gorilla
Bornean Orangutan
Week 3
Teeth, Integument
Mammal Orders
• Lagomorpha
• Rodentia
• Macroscelidae
• Tubulidentata
• Pilosa
• Cingulata
• Pholidota
Order: Lagomorpha
• “hare-shaped”
• Three families:
– Leporidae – rabbits and hares
– Ochotonidae – pikas
– Prolagidae – Sardinian pika (extinct)
• Terrestrial, some burrow
• Herbivorous, Coprophagous
• Altricial vs. precocial
• Game species (food & fur) and „pest‟
• Hindfeet larger than forefeet
• Hindfeet plantigrade, Forefeet digitigrade
Skull Features
• Maxilla
perforated
• 4 upper
incisors
Family Comparison
Leporidae (NY)
Ochotonidae
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
11 g, 61 spp.
Larger
Tail short
Ears very long
Several maxillary
openings
1 g, 30 spp.
Smaller
Tail absent
Ears short & rounded
1 large opening
Order: Rodentia
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
~42% of all mammal species (2277 spp)
“gnawing” mammals, omnivorous
33 families in 5 Suborders
Many endangered species (loss of habitat, hunting)
Size range: small mouse (~2 g) – capybara (50kg)
Worldwide distribution (except NZ, islands, marine)
Many introduced species - pests
Skull features:
~ Evergrowing, arc-shaped incisors
~ Diastema present
~ Canines and premolars absent
Suborder Myomorpha
• 6 Families:
– Dipodidae - jerboas, birch mice, jumping mice
– Platacanthomyidae - tree mice
– Spalacidae - bamboo rats, zokors, blind mole rats
– Calomyscidae - mouse-like hamsters
– Critidae - (700 spp)- New World rats & mice
– Muridae- (1300 spp.)-Old World rats & mice
Suborder Sciuromorpha
• 3 Families
– Aplodontidae - mountain beaver
– Gliridae - dormice
– Sciuridae - (280 spp.)- squirrels
Suborder Castorimorpha
• 3 Families:
– Geomyidae - pocket gophers
– Heteromyidae - kangaroo rats & mice, pocket
mice
– Castoridae- beaver
Suborder Anomaluromorpha
• 2 Families
– Anomaluridae - scaly-tailed flying squirrels
– Pedetidae - springhare
Suborder Hystricomorpha
• 17 Families
– Heptaxodontidae - Key mice & giant hutias
– Hystricidae - Old World porcupines
– Petromuridae - dassie rat
– Thryonomyidae - cane rats
– Erethizontidae - New World porcupines
– Chinchillidae - chincillas & viscachas
– Dinomyidae - pacarana
– Caviidae - guinea pigs, cavies,
Patagonian „hares‟ & capybaras
Suborder Hystricomorpha

18 Families









Dasyproctidae - agoutis & acouchis
Cuniculidae - pacas
Ctenomyidae - (60 spp.) tuco-tucos
Octodontidae - octodontids
Abrocomidae - chincilla rats
Echimyidae - spiny rats
Myocastoridae -nutria
Capromyidae -hutias
Bathyergidae - mole-rat
Rodents & Humans
• Important for food & fur (beaver, muskrat)
• Important for scientific study
– Behavior, physiology, psychology
– Pharmeucticals
• Considered pests due to damage to crops
& grain stores
• Vectors of epidemics (Bubonic plague)
Suborders
Angular process originates in same vertical plane as jaw
Angular process originates laterally to jaw
Old world porcupine
Springhaas
Dormouse
Kangaroo Rat
Pocket gopher
Capybara
Paca
Jeroba
Lesser Bamboo Rat
Naked mole rat
Sewellel
Rodentia
(NYS families you should know)
• Suborder Sciuromorphia
- Sciruidae: squirrels and marmots
- Castoridae: beavers
- Dipodidae: jumping mice
- Muridae: rats and mice
~ Arvicolinae – muskrats, voles, lemmings
~ Murinae – Old world rats, mice
~ Sigmodontinae – New world rats, mice
• Suborder Histricognathi
- Erethizontidae: New World porcupines
Order: Macroscelidea
• Consists of 1 family: Macroscelididae
– “large hind-limbed ones”
also called “elephant shrews”
•
•
•
•
Terrestrial
Large eyes and ears
Long, slender, mobile snout
Skull features:
- Imperforate zygomatic arch
- No postorbital bar
• Eats primarily insects
• Quadrapedal scurry, leap or
hop if alarmed
Family:
Macroscelididae
Order: Tubulidentata
• 1 family (Orycteropodidae), 1 species – Aardvark “earth hog”
• Named for unique teeth
- lack enamel, have hexagonal prisms of
dentine surrounding tubular pulp cavities
• Solitary, secretive & elusive
• Semifossorial, have claw/hoof-like digits
• Primarily feed on invertebrates, sometimes herbivorous
• Long tongues
• Skull features
~ Elongate and conical shape
~ No incisors or canines
~ 5 flat cheek teeth
• Reduced throughout their range
Cingulata and Pilosa
formerly Xenarthra, formerly or Edentata
• “xenarthrous” extra articulations of vertebrae
that stiffen the backbone in that region
• Edentata, “ones without teeth”
• Low metabolic rates
• Consists of 5 families:
– Dasypodidae (armadillos)
– Myrmecophagidae & Cyclopedidae (anteaters)
– Magalonychidae and Bradypodidae (sloths)
Order
Cingulata
• 1 Family: Dasypodidae - Armadillos
– 9 genera, 21 spp.
– Nine-banded only one in North America
– Burrow extensively
– Opportunistic (insects, veg & carrion)
– Armor-like carapace (shell made of dermal bony
scales and epidermal scales)
– Cylindrical homodont rootless cheekteeth
– Some species have dense hair covering shell
Order Pilosa: Sloths & Anteaters
• Suborder Folivora - Sloths
– 2 Families: 2 genera,6 spp.
• 2 and 3 toed sloths
– Arboreal
– Syndactylous toes and large curved claws
– No I or C; cylindrical rootless cheek teeth
– Coarse hair w/ algae
– Slow moving
– Herbivorous
– Rudimentary tail
Order Pilosa
• Suborder Vermilingua
(“worm tongue”) - Anteaters
– 3 genera,4 spp.
– Eat primarily ants and termites
– Long, tapered skull with long rostrum
– Long, fast tongues for rapid extraction of insects,
small mouths
– Large claws
– Some nocturnal
– Some terrestrial, some arboreal
Order: Pholidota „Scaly ones‟
•
•
•
•
•
1 family – Manidae: Pangolins
Insectivorous, insects crushed in stomach
large epidermal scales, always same number
Some arboreal (prehensile tail), others terrestrial
Skull features:
-Incomplete zygomatic arch
-teeth absent
Week 4
Horns and Antlers, Post Cranial Skeleton
Mammal Orders
• Proboscidea
• Hyracoidea
• Artiodactyla
• Perissodactyla
Placental Mammals (cont.)
Class Mammalia
Sublcass Prototheria (monotremes, 1 order, 5 sp)
Subclass Theria
• Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 sp)
• Infraclass Eutheria (placental mammals, 22 orders,
~ 5,100 species)
Order: Proboscidea
• 1 family (Elephantidae), 3 species (2 African, 1 Asian)
• Prehensile proboscis
• Largest living land mammals
• Graviportal limbs
• Internal testes
• Skull features
~Evergrowing upper incisors (tusks)
~Canines absent
~Molars replaced from back of jaw
African Forest Elephant
Loxodonta cyclotis
Asian Elephant
Elaphas maximus
African Bush Elephant
Loxodonta africana
Conservation
• Involved in human culture
– Zoos, circuses, draft animals
•
•
•
•
Range of both species is reduced
Asian elephant endangered (since 1986)
African elephants endangered (currently)
Destroy crops, increase soil erosion,
decrease resources available to other spp. 
culling
• Ivory trade may ---  tuskless, downsizing
Order: Hyracoidea
•
•
•
•
•
•
“Conies” or Hyraxes
1 family: Procaviidae
Herbivorous
Terrestrial and arboreal forms
Adhesive pads on feet, plantigrade limbs
Skull features
~ triangular incisors
~ 4 lower incisors
(1/2 0/0 4/4 3/3)
Conservation
• Tree hyraxes hunted for meat & fur and
they are affected by habitat loss, but
• No species of hyrax is currently threatened
or endangered
Order: Perissodactyla
• „Odd-fingered ones‟
• Herbivorous
• 3 families
• Enlarged central digit (mesaxonic)
• Characteristics of the families
~ # forelimb digits
* Equidae (horses, zebras, asses) 1
* Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses) 3
* Tapiridae (tapirs) 4 (1 reduced)
Conservation
• Horses important domestic spp. (150 breeds)
• Some spp. of equids recently extinct or extirpated
in the wild (African quagga)
• Tapirs reduced throughout their range due to
hunting & loss of habitat (2 end, 2 threat)
• Rhinoceroses targets of poachers for horns and
other body parts & all spp are endangered (some
critically)
Order: Artiodactyla
• „Even-digited ones‟, paraxonic limb structure
~ #3 and 4 digits support most weight, hooves
• Most herbivorous
• Skull features variable – horns, antlers
• Many species domesticated
• 3 suborders, 10 families (pg 174)
• Generalizations between the 3 groups (next slide)
~ Suiformes
~ Tylopoda
~ Ruminantia
• Suiformes (non-ruminant stomach)
Groups
– Family Suidae - pigs, hogs
– Family Tayassuidae- peccaries
– Family Hippopotamidae- hippo
• Tylopoda
(unique hoof structure “swollen foot”, cushioning pads,
3 chambered stomach)
– Family Camelidae- camels, llamas, alpacas & allies
• Ruminantia (Ruminants, most males have antlers, some females too)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Family Cervidae- deer
Family Bovidae- antelope, cattle, goats, gazelles, sheep
Family Antilocapridae- pronghorn
Family Giraffidae- giraffes & okapis
Family Moschidae- musk deer
Family Tragulidae- chevrotians
Chevrotain
Greater Kudu
Musk deer
Conservation
• Important for humans (domesticated)
• Some spp no longer found in the wild
(auroch = ancestor of cows)
• Meat, hides, sport hunting
• Some spp threatened or endangered
– Pygmy hippo, Javan pig, Bactrian camel,
Visayan spotted deer, Sonoran pronghorns,
Horns & Antlers
•
•
•
•
•
True Horns
Pronghorns
Antlers
Giraffe „Horns‟
Rhinoceros „Horns‟
Skeletal System
• Functions
• Axial vs. Appendicular
• Joints
– Fibrous
– Cartilaginous
– Synovial
•
•
•
•
•
Hinge
Ball & Socket
Pivot
Saddle
Gliding
Various kinds of joints. Fibrous: A, syndesmosis (tibiofibular); B, suture (skull). Cartilaginous: C, symphysis
(vertebral bodies); D, synchondrosis (first rib and sternum). Synovial: E, condyloid (wrist); F, gliding
(radioulnar); G, hinge or ginglymus (elbow); H, ball and socket (hip); I, saddle (carpometacarpal of thumb);
J, pivot (atlantoaxial).
Week 5
• Locomotion, Marine Mammals
Mammal Orders
• Carnivora
• Cetacea
• Sirenia
Class Mammalia
Sublcass Prototheria (monotremes, 1 order, 5 sp)
Subclass Theria
• Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials, 7 orders, 330 sp)
• Infraclass Eutheria (placental mammals, 22 orders,
~ 5,100 species)
Order: Carnivora „Flesh eaters‟
• Consists of 15 families
• Primarily omnivores, some carnivores,
some insectivores, some herbivores
• Found in almost every habitat
• Terrestrial, arboreal, fossorial, aquatic…
• Great variation in size (least weasel to
elephant seals)
• Zygomatic arch
present
• Carnassials teeth
Carnivora Families (NYS in black)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Canidae – Dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals & coyotes
Ursidae – Bears, pandas
Procyonidae – Racoons, coatis et al.
Mustelidae – Badgers, otters & weasels
Mephitidae- Skunks & stink badgers
Ailuridae- Red panda
Otariidae – Sea lions, fur seals
Odobenidae – Walrus
Phocidae – True seals
Viverridae – Civets, genets, linsangs
Herpestidae – Mongooses
Hyaenidae – Hyenas, aardwolf
Felidae – Cats
Eupleridae- Malagasy carnivores (Madagascar fossa, civet)
Nandiniidae- African palm civet
Fissipeds vs. Pinnipeds
• ~Fissipeds:„claw-foot‟
– all carnivores except pinnipeds (fin foots, below)
• three lower incisors (except sea otter = 2)
• ~Pinnipeds: „fin-foot‟
– Otariidae, Odobenidae, Phocidae
– sea lions & fur seals, walrus, and true seals
•
•
•
•
•
Carnassials not present
Reduced limbs
Webbed feet called flippers
Fusiform body shape
Subcutaneous fat
• Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals)
– Hind limbs can be rotated forward (fig 19.9)
– Pinnae present, but small
– May have underfur
• Odobenidae (walrus)
– Upper canines forming tusks
• Phocidae (true seals)
– Hind limbs cannot be rotated forward
– Pinnae absent
– Underfur never present in adults
Canidae
Ursidae
Otariidae
Mustelidae
Odobenidae
Ailuridae
Phocidae
Hyaenidae
Family Nandiniidae – African palm civet
Herpestidae
Felidae
Viverridae – banded linsangs
Eupleridae- Malagasy carnivores
(Madagascar fossa)
Order: Cetacea
• Greek word meaning “whale”
• Two suborders:
- Mysticeti - baleen whales
- Odontoceti - toothed whales, dolphins, porpoises
• Fully aquatic mammals
• Horizontal pair of large flukes
• External hind limbs absent
• Blowholes = nostrils
• Practically hairless, small eyes, pinnae absent
• Large brain
• Blubber for insulation
• Penis retractile, testes are permanently internal
• Adapted for long deep dives
Suborder: Mysticeti
Mysticeti - baleen whales
Suborder
• “mystic
whale” Mysticeti
• Lack teeth, have baleen plates
• 2 separate adjacent blowholes
• Largest creature known to ever have lived
• More commonly found outside of tropical waters
• Four Families:
– Balaenidae – Right whales (2 g, 4 spp.)
– Eschrichtiidae – Gray whale (1 sp.)
– Balaenopteridae – Humpback , Blue, Fin, Sei,
Minke (2 g, 7 spp.)
– Neobalaenidae – Pygmy right whale (1 sp.)
Suborder: Odontoceti
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
“toothed whales” (some don‟t have teeth)
Single rooted, unicuspid, conical, and homodont
Eat fish or inverts
Poor sight, olfaction, good hearing – sonar
single blowhole
Often stay near coastlines
Seven Families:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Platanistidae – Indian river dolphins (1 g, 2 spp.)
Delphinidae – Dolphins, killer whales (17 g, 34 spp.)
Phocoenidae – Porpoises (3 g, 6 spp.)
Monodontidae – Narwhal and beluga (2 g, 2 spp.)
Physeteridae – Sperm whales (2 g, 3 spp.)
Ziphiidae – Beaked whales (6 g, 21 spp.)
Iniidae- River dolphins (3 g, 3 spp.)
Suborder: Odontoceti
Conservation
• Whales taken for meat, oil & baleen
• International Whaling Commission (1946)
– Harvest quotas & protections on certain spp.
– No enforcement power
• Japan, Norway & Russia whale commercially
under guise of scientific collections
• Populations rebounding in some spp. (blue &
gray) & not in others (bowhead & right)
• A quarter of the spp. are threatened or
endangered
Order: Sirenia
• “sea nymphs” or “sirens”
• Two families: Trichechidae (1 g, 3 s) & Dugongidae (2 g, 2 s)
• Fully aquatic mammals
• Vegetarians
• Short, flexible neck separates from most Cetaceans
• Often scarred or killed by boats
• Skull features
~ No canines
~ Nasal bones absent or rudimentary
Manatees vs. dugong
- # neck vertebrae (6 vs normal 7)
- tail margin smooth, tail cleft
Conservation
• Killed intentionally or unintentionally by
several ways:
– Hunting (meat, bones, hide, fat)
– Incidental catch
– Drowning
– Destruction or degradation of habitat
– Struck by boat propellers
• Very slow reproductive rate
• All 4 spp. considered threatened
– Protected by the Marine Mammal Act & the ESA
Mammal Orders
~ 5,400 species in
~ 30 Orders
~ 150 families;
– 23 families are monospecific