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Name Class Date Concept Connector Study Guide Conflict Essential Question: What issues cause groups of people or countries to come into conflict? A. Define conflict. B. Record information about the topics listed in the Cumulative Review or your answers to the questions in the Cumulative Review below. Use the Concept Connector Handbooks at the end of your textbook, as well as chapter information, to complete this worksheet. 1. The Persian Wars Greek city-states developed different forms of government but shared a common culture and values. Greeks briefly put aside their differences to defend their freedom when the Persians threatened them. Ionian Greek city-states in Asia Minor became subjects of the Persian empire. In 499 B.C., Ionian Greeks rebelled against Persian rule, and the great city-state of Athens sent ships to help the Ionians. Then, in 490 B.C., Darius I of Persia sent his army to Greece to punish Athens. The large army landed near Marathon and was defeated by a much smaller Greek force. Ten years later, Xerxes, another Persian ruler, sent another force to conquer Greece. Finally, in 479 B.C., the Persian invasions ended when the Greeks defeated the Persians on land in Asia Minor. 2. Compare the Persian Wars and the Punic Wars Roman settlements spread throughout the Mediterranean, just as Greek city-states did around the Aegean. Both groups came into conflict with peoples across the sea. The Greeks fought the Persian Wars, in part to preserve Greek culture, when threatened by the Persians. As Rome grew in power, it came into conflict with Carthage, a great city-state in North Africa that ruled an empire stretching across the western Mediterranean. Between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C., Rome fought three wars against Carthage. These wars are called the Punic Wars. In the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal led his army, including war elephants, on an epic march from Spain over the Alps, to make a surprise attack on Rome. However, the Carthaginians were ultimately defeated and Rome was free to build an empire around the Mediterranean. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 179 Name Class Date Concept Connector Study Guide CONFLICT (continued) 3. Compare War Between Christians and Muslims in the 700s with the Crusades The Crusades, which began in 1096, were not the first wars between Christians and Muslims. As the Muslim empire expanded west, it advanced into Europe. In the 700s, that advance was halted by Christian warriors at the Battle of Tours, in what is present-day France. After this, Muslim forces never again significantly threatened to take over Western Europe. Over 300 years later, invasions by Muslim Turks threatened the Byzantine empire and prevented Christian pilgrims from traveling to the Holy Land. Muslims and Christians fought for control of lands in the Middle East. These wars, called the Crusades, continued off and on for over 200 years. Religion, desire for wealth and land, and a yearning for adventure were just some of the factors that motivated European crusaders. Although the Crusades left a legacy of religious hatred, they also increased trade, the power of the pope, and the power of European monarchs. 4. Examples of French-British Conflict As the French and British began to establish global empires in the 1600s and 1700s, they frequently came into conflict. This was not the first time that these two nations had opposed each other. An earlier example of French-British conflict occurred between France and England during the Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to 1453. English rulers wanted to hold on to what had become the French lands of their Norman ancestors. England and France were also rivals for control of the English Channel, the waterway between their two countries. Each also wanted to control trade in the region. 5. Greek Wars Against the Persian Empire (Chapter 1, page 49) 6. Roman-Carthaginian Wars (Chapter 1, page 49) © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 180 Name Class Date Concept Connector Study Guide CONFLICT (continued) 7. Compare the American Revolution with the Thirty Years’ War (Chapter 2, page 77) 8. European Revolutionaries in 1830 and 1848 (Chapter 4, page 163) 9. Congress of Vienna and the Paris Peace Conference (Chapter 11, page 383) © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 181 Name Class Date Concept Connector Study Guide CONFLICT (continued) 10. The Chinese Communists and the Guomindang (Chapter 12, page 415) 11. World War II (Chapter 14, page 495) 12. The Recent Conflict in Northern Ireland and Earlier Religious Conflicts (Chapter 17, page 597) © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 182 Name Class Date Concept Connector Study Guide CONFLICT (continued) C. Sample Topics for Thematic Essays Below are examples of thematic essay topics that might appear on a test. Prepare for the test by outlining an essay for each topic on a separate sheet of paper. Use the Concept Connector Handbooks at the end of your textbook, as well as chapter information,, to outline your essays. 1. Describe the events of the Peloponnesian War, and discuss the outcome of this conflict. 2. Explain why nationalists in Europe fought against rulers during the revolutions of 1830 and 1848, and discuss the results of their struggles. 3. Describe the basic issues that led to the conflicts in the Balkans during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and how the rest of the world has reacted to them. 4. Describe the issues that led to the partition of Africa by European powers in the late 1800s, and discuss how they served as the basis for conflicts between Africans and colonial powers between 1900 and 1975. 5. Compare and contrast the issues that sparked the Latin American wars of independence in the 1800s with those that created the movement for independence in Africa after World War II. 6. Describe some of the key features of the struggle between the Chinese Communists and the Guomindang (Nationalists) from the 1920s through the 1940s. 7. Analyze the issues that led to the breakup of the Soviet Union and the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in the 1980s and 1990s. 8. Describe and discuss the issues today that divide some Arabs and Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East. © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 183